Leishmaniases – Their relationships to monoxenous and dixenous trypanosomatids

Grimaldi, Gabriel; Schottelius, Justus Georg

doi:10.1007/s004300100069

Cited by 5 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…During a blood meal the infected sand-fly injects metacyclic promastigotes into the vertebrate host [34]. In the vertebrate host, these promastigotes invade macrophages and then differentiate into non-motile amastigotes, which multiply by binary fission [34].…”

Section: Development Of Leishmania and Trypanosoma In Vertebratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the vertebrate host, these promastigotes invade macrophages and then differentiate into non-motile amastigotes, which multiply by binary fission [34]. Leishmania replicates within macrophages at various sites depending on the species [10], giving rise to three distinct clinical forms of leishmaniasis; cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL) and visceral leishmaniasis (VL or Kala Azar) [4].…”

Section: Development Of Leishmania and Trypanosoma In Vertebratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Whilst they are considered non-pathogenic to vertebrates, reports of infections with monoxenous species resulting in human illness date back to the 1980s [34, 88] (Table 2). A common trend in many cases was the presence of an immunocompromised state, generally resulting from HIV co-infection [84, 89].…”

Section: Exploration Of the Dixenous Niche By Monoxenous Parasitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the field would continue to benefit from studies aiming to isolate new species. Of the estimated one million known insect species described, only 2,500 of these have been studied closely for the presence of trypanosomatids [24, 26, 29, 34]. The isolation and molecular characterisation of new species will help to decipher relationships between trypanosomatids with greater resolution [24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

The evolution of trypanosomatid taxonomy

Kaufer¹,

Ellis²,

Stark³

et al. 2017

Parasites Vectors

134

109

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Trypanosomatids are protozoan parasites of the class Kinetoplastida predominately restricted to invertebrate hosts (i.e. possess a monoxenous life-cycle). However, several genera are pathogenic to humans, animals and plants, and have an invertebrate vector that facilitates their transmission (i.e. possess a dixenous life-cycle). Phytomonas is one dixenous genus that includes several plant pathogens transmitted by phytophagous insects. Trypanosoma and Leishmania are dixenous genera that infect vertebrates, including humans, and are transmitted by hematophagous invertebrates. Traditionally, monoxenous trypanosomatids such as Leptomonas were distinguished from morphologically similar dixenous species based on their restriction to an invertebrate host. Nonetheless, this criterion is somewhat flawed as exemplified by Leptomonas seymouri which reportedly infects vertebrates opportunistically. Similarly, Novymonas and Zelonia are presumably monoxenous genera yet sit comfortably in the dixenous clade occupied by Leishmania. The isolation of Leishmania macropodum from a biting midge (Forcipomyia spp.) rather than a phlebotomine sand fly calls into question the exclusivity of the Leishmania-sand fly relationship, and its suitability for defining the Leishmania genus. It is now accepted that classic genus-defining characteristics based on parasite morphology and host range are insufficient to form the sole basis of trypanosomatid taxonomy as this has led to several instances of paraphyly. While improvements have been made, resolution of evolutionary relationships within the Trypanosomatidae is confounded by our incomplete knowledge of its true diversity. The known trypanosomatids probably represent a fraction of those that exist and isolation of new species will help resolve relationships in this group with greater accuracy. This review incites a dialogue on how our understanding of the relationships between certain trypanosomatids has shifted, and discusses new knowledge that informs the present taxonomy of these important parasites.

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Section: Development Of Leishmania and Trypanosoma In Vertebratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Development Of Leishmania and Trypanosoma In Vertebratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Exploration Of the Dixenous Niche By Monoxenous Parasitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The evolution of trypanosomatid taxonomy

Kaufer¹,

Ellis²,

Stark³

et al. 2017

Parasites Vectors

134

109

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…2 People that have to stay in endemic areas (such as inhabitants, migrant workers, soldiers, and refugees) are considered at risk. 6 Systemic spread of the disease is common, and may involve the liver, spleen, abdominal lymphatic system, lymph nodes, and bone marrow. Oral involvement with mucosal disease, and any mucosal leishmaniasis of the head and neck, is rare in immunocompetent patients, at least as the only manifestation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%