Leishmania infection: painful or painless?

Borghi, Sérgio M.; Fattori, Victor; Conchon‐Costa, Ivete; Pinge‐Filho, Phileno; Pavanelli, Wander Rogério; Verri, Waldiceu A.

doi:10.1007/s00436-016-5340-7

Cited by 37 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 153 publications

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“…14 This leads to nonitchy skin patches, loss of sensation, paresthesia, and neuralgic pain. 13 Perineural inflammation, a histopathologic hallmark of leprosy, was seen in up to 50.9% of our cases contrasting with the belief that these manifestations are unique to leprosy. 15 It remains unknown whether amastigotes damage cutaneous nerves or alter nerve conduction.…”

Section: Scoring Criteria Vs Lesion Agecontrasting

confidence: 72%

“…The latter infection damages epidermal nerve fibers and is toxic to nerves, promoting segmental demyelination of nerves . This leads to non‐itchy skin patches, loss of sensation, paresthesia, and neuralgic pain . Perineural inflammation, a histopathologic hallmark of leprosy, was seen in up to 50.9% of our cases contrasting with the belief that these manifestations are unique to leprosy .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

“…Despite the severity of some lesions, CL lesion was surprisingly and consistently painless in our cohort. This clinical picture is reminiscent of other cutaneous infections, namely hanseniasis, caused by Mycobacterium Leprae . The latter infection damages epidermal nerve fibers and is toxic to nerves, promoting segmental demyelination of nerves .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…This clinical picture is reminiscent of other cutaneous infections, namely hanseniasis, caused by Mycobacterium Leprae. 13 The latter infection damages epidermal nerve fibers and is toxic to nerves, promoting segmental demyelination of nerves. 14 This leads to nonitchy skin patches, loss of sensation, paresthesia, and neuralgic pain.…”

Section: Scoring Criteria Vs Lesion Agementioning

confidence: 99%

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Cutaneous leishmaniasis: an evolving disease with ancient roots

et al. 2019

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Background Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) remains a prioritized neglected tropical disease. CL novel presentations call for updating its features. Methods A multiregional cohort of 396 patients with confirmed CL was reviewed. Lesion's clinical stage and eruption type were assigned. Disease was considered as extensive if numerous (≥5), large (>3 cm), disfiguring, threatening vital sensory organs, and/or older than 12 months. Microscopically, Ackerman's inflammatory pattern, Ridley's pattern (RP), and parasitic index (PI) were recorded. Microscopic variables pertaining to the organisms, epidermis, and host's inflammatory response were also assessed. All cases were confirmed and speciated molecularly. Results In our region, 71.8% of cases showed extensive disease with 15.7% exceeding 12 months duration. Leishmania tropica accounted for 91.3% of cases while Leishmania major constituted 8.7% and presented solely as dry lesions. The dominant inflammatory composite consisted of plasma cells, lymphocytes, and histiocytes. Granulomatous inflammation was present in 55.5%. Most cases showed interface changes (72.7%), spongiosis (75.3%), and marked epidermal hyperplasia (63.9%). Transepidermal elimination of organisms was present in 29.2% of cases. None of traditional classification patterns (clinical stage, microscopic pattern, and RP) showed the predicted linear correlation with lesion age. High and low PI levels correlated with early and healing microscopic patterns, respectively, but did not correlate with the corresponding RPs. PI was bimodal with peaks at 3–6 and 9–12 months. Conclusion Cutaneous leishmaniasis is an evolving disease defying the traditional prediction classifications. Our study sets the ground for adopting updated clinical courses, microscopic presentation, and species mapping.

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Section: Scoring Criteria Vs Lesion Agecontrasting

confidence: 72%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Scoring Criteria Vs Lesion Agementioning

confidence: 99%

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Cutaneous leishmaniasis: an evolving disease with ancient roots

et al. 2019

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“…The transmission occurs through the bite of female phlebotomine sandflies (98 of 800 species infect humans) (Akhoundi et al, 2016;World Health Organization, 2016b). The Old World is affected by the sandfly of the genus Phlebotomus (Kevric et al, 2015) and the New World by Lutzomyia (Borghi et al, 2017). Moreover, leishmaniasis can be classified as anthroponotic or zoonotic, the natural reservoir is human or animal, respectively (World Health Organization, 2016b).…”

Section: Leishmaniasis Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Promising nanotherapy in treating leishmaniasis

Souza

Marins

Mathias

et al. 2018

International Journal of Pharmaceutics

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Leishmaniases are infectious diseases caused by an intracellular protozoan in humans by 20 different species of Leishmania among more than 53 species. There are at least twelve million cases of infections worldwide and three hundred and fifty million people are at risk in at least 98 developing countries in Africa, South-East Asia, and the Americas. Only Brazil presented high burden for both visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and cutaneous (CL). Chemotherapy is the main means of dealing with this infection. Nevertheless, only a few effective drugs are available, and each has a particular disadvantage; toxicity and long-term regimens compromise most chemotherapeutic options, which decreases patient compliance and adherence to the treatment and consequently the emergence of drug-resistant strains. Nano drug delivery systems (NanoDDS) can direct antileishmanial drug substances for intracellular localization in macrophage-rich organs such as bone marrow, liver, and spleen. This strategy can improve the therapeutic efficacy and reduce the toxic effects of several antileishmanial drug substances. This review is an effort to comprehensively compile recent findings, with the aim of advancing understanding of the importance of nanotechnology for treating leishmaniases.

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Immunity to Protozoa

Velázquez

Dominguez

Garzon

et al. 2018

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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Protozoan parasites are microorganisms that live and feed at the expense of a host. Parasites can cause diseases in humans and are worldwide distributed, causing high morbidity and mortality. This article describes the most important defence mechanisms against protozoan parasites of clinical relevance ( Plasmodium spp., Leishmania spp., Toxoplasma gondii , Trypanosoma cruzi , Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia ). Protozoans exhibit a high heterogeneity in morphologies and antigenic expression, which is reflected in the different immune responses induced during the infection process. The first line of defence is the mechanisms of the innate immune response as physical and chemical barriers. However, in most cases, the adaptive humoural and cellular responses are implicated in controlling the infection. On the other hand, parasites have developed mechanisms to evade the immune response, hindering the development of vaccines, which offers a broad spectrum of protection among species. Key Concepts Parasitosis comprises a set of very diverse diseases, caused by different types of parasitic microorganisms. Protozoan infections can be acquired either through direct contact or through vectors. Malaria is the deadliest protozoan infection worldwide. The immune response is divided into two branches: innate and adaptive immunity. Protozoan parasites have developed strategies to evade the immune response. To date, there has been an imminent necessity to develop efficient vaccines against main protozoan infections.

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Leishmania infection: painful or painless?

Cited by 37 publications

References 153 publications

Cutaneous leishmaniasis: an evolving disease with ancient roots

Cutaneous leishmaniasis: an evolving disease with ancient roots

Promising nanotherapy in treating leishmaniasis

Immunity to Protozoa

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