Leishmania-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Coinfection in the Mediterranean Basin: Isoenzymatic Characterization of 100 Isolates of the Leishmania infantum Complex

Pratlong, Francine; Dedet, Jean-Pierre; Marty, Pierre; Portús, Montserrat; Deniau, M.; Dereure, J.; Abranches, P.; Reynes, Jacques; Martini, A.; Lefèbvre, M.; Rioux, J. A.

doi:10.1093/infdis/172.1.323

Cited by 100 publications

(58 citation statements)

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“…11,12 According to previous results using indirect xenodiagnosis some of these isoenzymatic variants can develop in P. perniciosus females. 4,5 The presence of these zymodemes in the wild sand fly populations would support anthroponotic transmission.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Infection of sand flies by humans coinfected with Leishmania infantum and human immunodeficiency virus.

Molina¹,

Lohse²,

Pulido³

et al. 1999

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. To determine the role that Leishmania infantum/human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfected patients could play in the epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), we applied direct xenodiagnosis of VL in this study to test the infectivity of six coinfected patients to colonized Phlebotomus perniciosus. All patients proved to be infective for the sand flies. The infectivity of patients who had still not received specific treatment for VL was inversely proportional to their absolute CD4ϩ T lymphocyte cell count. It has been proven that P. perniciosus can acquire and allow the development of L. infantum by feeding on L. infantum/HIV coinfected patients. Since this sand fly is an important vector of VL in southern Europe, a new natural anthroponotic cycle could be considered in the epidemiology of L. infantum/HIV coinfection. The design of leishmaniasis control programs and the management of coinfected individuals should take these findings into account.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Infection of sand flies by humans coinfected with Leishmania infantum and human immunodeficiency virus.

Molina¹,

Lohse²,

Pulido³

et al. 1999

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…In all foci in the south of France, VL in immunocompetent patients is due only to zymodeme MON-1, which is the predominant zymodeme in all other Mediterranean countries (4,16,32). The domestic dog is incontestably the reservoir host of MON-1, as demonstrated by the identification of 232 out of 234 canine strains.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Special mention should be made of MON-24, which was long considered to be specifically dermotropic in immunocompetent patients (in Algeria [16], France [25], Italy [13], Morocco [45], and Tunisia [2]) but which was later found, albeit rarely, in infantile VL in North Africa (Algeria [5] and Tunisia [3,4]). MON-34 is an uncommon zymodeme, being equally responsible for VL and CL in immunocompetent patients (32). MON-108 has been found only in Provence, in both humans and dogs; this zymodeme has never been found among more than 1,000 L. infantum strains from the Mediterranean Basin that have been identified.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isoenzymatic Analysis of 712 Strains of Leishmania infantum in the South of France and Relationship of Enzymatic Polymorphism to Clinical and Epidemiological Features

et al. 2004

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“…More than 80% of the strains of L. infantum isolated thus far belong to the predominant zymodeme, 42). The alternative methods for species and/or strain discrimination include analysis with monoclonal antibodies (17); molecular karyotyping (7, 18); PCR fingerprinting-random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis (1,19,36,51,60); and PCR amplification of distinct nuclear multicopy target sequences or kinetoplast DNA, followed by an analysis of the amplificates by sequencing, fragment length polymorphism analysis, restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (6,29,30,32,35,44), and singlestrand conformation polymorphism analysis (10).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Multilocus Microsatellite Typing as a New Tool for Discrimination of Leishmania infantum MON-1 Strains

et al. 2006

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The Leishmania donovani complex, which consists of L. donovani, L. infantum-L. chagasi, and L. archibaldi, is responsible for visceral manifestations of leishmaniasis. Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis is the standard method for the characterization and identification of strains of Leishmania. For L. infantum, the predominance of zymodeme MON-1 significantly reduces the discriminative power of this approach. In the present study, we developed 17 independent polymorphic microsatellite markers for the typing of strains of L. infantum, with the main emphasis on zymodeme MON-1. The discriminative powers of 11 markers selected from among these markers were tested by using a panel of 63 isolates of the L. donovani complex. Unique multilocus genotypes were observed for the strains analyzed, with only three exceptions. Model-based and distance-based analyses of the data set showed comparable results. It was possible to discriminate between L. donovani sensu stricto, a non-MON-1 group of L. infantum isolates, and a MON-1 group of L. infantum isolates. Within MON-1, three clusters with geographical correlations became apparent. The frequency of heterozygosity in the alleles analyzed varied extremely between the different groups of isolates. The main clusters described are not consistent with species definitions based on isoenzyme analysis but confirm the results of former PCR-based investigations.Leishmania is a genus of protozoan flagellates that cause a broad spectrum of diseases, ranging from self-limiting localized cutaneous lesions to visceral leishmaniasis with fatal spontaneous evolution (2). The majority of visceral manifestations are caused by parasites of the Leishmania donovani complex (26), which consists of L. donovani Ross, 1903; L. infantum Nicolle, 1908-L. chagasi Cunha and Chagas, 1937; and L. archibaldi Castellani and Chalmers, 1919. Currently, multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE) is the generally accepted "gold standard" for the identification and classification of isolates of Leishmania. By this method, strains are divided into groups with identical enzyme patterns, called "zymodemes." The main criticism of this approach is that genotypes are assayed indirectly, with the consequence that nucleotide substitutions may not be observed in synonymous sites or in nonsynonymous sites, if it is assumed that subsequent changes in the amino acid composition do not lead to different electrophoretic mobilities. In contrast, posttranslational modifications may change the electrophoretic mobilities, despite identical genotypes. Furthermore, the method is quite slow, laborious, and costly. Growth in vitro is inevitable, and the data sets of the few laboratories in which these analyses are performed are difficult to compare.Unlike, e.g., L. donovani or L. tropica, which present extended genetic and enzymatic polymorphisms (27, 53), L. infantum is a relatively uniform species (46). More than 80% of the strains of L. infantum isolated thus far belong to the predominant zymodeme, 42). The alternative methods for ...

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Leishmania-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Coinfection in the Mediterranean Basin: Isoenzymatic Characterization of 100 Isolates of the Leishmania infantum Complex

Cited by 100 publications

References 0 publications

Infection of sand flies by humans coinfected with Leishmania infantum and human immunodeficiency virus.

Infection of sand flies by humans coinfected with Leishmania infantum and human immunodeficiency virus.

Isoenzymatic Analysis of 712 Strains of Leishmania infantum in the South of France and Relationship of Enzymatic Polymorphism to Clinical and Epidemiological Features

Multilocus Microsatellite Typing as a New Tool for Discrimination of Leishmania infantum MON-1 Strains

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