Legionnaires’ disease caused by Legionella longbeachae and Legionella pneumophila: comparison of clinical features, host-related risk factors, and outcomes

Amodeo, Matthew R.; Murdoch, David R.; Pithie, Alan

doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.03125.x

Cited by 29 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Significantly more L. pneumophila-infected patients reported breathlessness, but no differences were observed in any other pre-hospital symptoms. These results are consistent with the findings of the aforementioned New Zealand study that found little difference in clinical features between cases of L. longbeachae and L. pneumophila (Amodeo et al, 2010). Most cases in both groups had a date of onset in the spring or summer months (March to August), and there was no significant difference in the time of year of onset for cases.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 82%

“…This is consistent with an early Australian study (Cameron et al, 1991), but differs from the results of a New Zealand study comparing L. longbeachae with L. pneumophila cases which found no difference in smoking status between cases (Amodeo et al, 2010). Half of the individuals infected with L. longbeachae were treated in intensive care, which was significantly more than the 12 % (95 % CI 0-25 %) of L. pneumophila cases.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 33%

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Comparison of Legionella longbeachae and Legionella pneumophila cases in Scotland; implications for diagnosis, treatment and public health response

Cameron

Pollock

Lindsay³

et al. 2016

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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The reported incidence of Legionnaires' disease caused by Legionella longbeachae has increased since 2008 in Scotland. While microbiological and epidemiological studies have identified exposure to growing media as a risk factor for infection, little is known about the differences regarding disease risk factors, clinical features and outcomes of infection with L. longbeachae when compared with L. pneumophila. A nested case-case study was performed comparing 12 L. longbeachae cases with 25 confirmed L. pneumophila cases. Fewer L. longbeachae infected patients reported being smokers [27 % (95 % CI 2-52 %) vs. 68 % (95 % CI 50-86 %), P50.034] but more L. longbeachae patients experienced breathlessness [67 % (95 % CI 40-94 %) vs. 28 % (95 % CI 10-46 %), P50.036]. Significantly more L. longbeachae-infected patients received treatment in intensive care [50 % (95 % CI 22-78 %) vs. 12 % (95 % CI 0-25 %), P50.036]. However, the differences in diagnostic methods between the two groups may have led to only the most severe cases of L. longbeachae being captured by the surveillance system. No differences were observed in any of the other pre-hospital symptoms assessed. Our results highlight the similarity of Legionnaires' disease caused by L. pneumophila and L. longbeachae, and reinforce the importance of diagnostic tools other than the urinary antigen assays for the detection of non-L. pneumophila species. Unfortunately, cases of community-acquired pneumonia caused by Legionella species will continue to be underdiagnosed unless routine testing criteria changes.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 33%

Comparison of Legionella longbeachae and Legionella pneumophila cases in Scotland; implications for diagnosis, treatment and public health response

Cameron

Pollock

Lindsay³

et al. 2016

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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“…This is also a similar characteristic of legionellosis epidemiology in the Northern Hemisphere to some degree ; however, the seasonality appears to be summer-autumn, possibly a reflection in recent years of warmer and humid weather [32]. Such seasonal trends in New Zealand may suggest a greater seasonal influence on environmental reservoirs such as gardening potting mix and compost which may influence the degree of human risk [33]. Legionella populations in cooling towers are also likely to be well established after the summer period [31].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Changing epidemiological trends of legionellosis in New Zealand, 1979–2009

Graham

White²,

Harte

et al. 2011

Epidemiol. Infect.

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SUMMARYThis study evaluated the spatio-temporal variation of Legionella spp. in New Zealand using notification and laboratory surveillance data from 1979 to 2009 and analysed the epidemiological trends. To achieve this we focused on changing incidence rates and occurrence of different species over this time. We also examined whether demographic characteristics such as ethnicity may be related to incidence. The annual incidence rate for laboratory-proven cases was 2 . 5/100 000 and 1 . 4/100 000 for notified cases. Incidence was highest in the European population and showed large geographical variations between 21 District Health Boards. An important finding of this study is that the predominant Legionella species causing disease in New Zealand differs from that found in other developed countries, with about 30-50% of cases due to L. longbeachae and a similar percentage due to L. pneumophila for any given year. The environmental risk exposure was identified in 420 (52 %) cases, of which 58 % were attributed to contact with compost ; travel was much less significant as a risk factor (6 . 5 %). This suggests that legionellosis has a distinctive epidemiological pattern in New Zealand.

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“…For the species L. longbeachae two serogroups are described to date (Bibb et al, 1981; Mckinney et al, 1981). L. longbeachae Sg1 is predominant in human disease as it causes up to 95% of the cases of legionellosis worldwide and most outbreaks and sporadic cases in Australia (Anonymous, 1997; Montanaro-Punzengruber et al, 1999). The two main human pathogenic Legionella species, L. pneumophila and L. longbeachae cause the same disease and symptoms in humans (Amodeo et al, 2009), however, there exist major differences between both species in niche adaptation and host susceptibility.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative and Functional Genomics of Legionella Identified Eukaryotic Like Proteins as Key Players in Host?Pathogen Interactions

Gómez-Valero¹,

Rusniok²,

Cazalet³

et al. 2011

Front. Microbio.

136

120

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Although best known for its ability to cause severe pneumonia in people whose immune defenses are weakened, Legionella pneumophila and Legionella longbeachae are two species of a large genus of bacteria that are ubiquitous in nature, where they parasitize protozoa. Adaptation to the host environment and exploitation of host cell functions are critical for the success of these intracellular pathogens. The establishment and publication of the complete genome sequences of L. pneumophila and L. longbeachae isolates paved the way for major breakthroughs in understanding the biology of these organisms. In this review we present the knowledge gained from the analyses and comparison of the complete genome sequences of different L. pneumophila and L. longbeachae strains. Emphasis is given on putative virulence and Legionella life cycle related functions, such as the identification of an extended array of eukaryotic like proteins, many of which have been shown to modulate host cell functions to the pathogen’s advantage. Surprisingly, many of the eukaryotic domain proteins identified in L. pneumophila as well as many substrates of the Dot/Icm type IV secretion system essential for intracellular replication are different between these two species, although they cause the same disease. Finally, evolutionary aspects regarding the eukaryotic like proteins in Legionella are discussed.

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Legionnaires’ disease caused by Legionella longbeachae and Legionella pneumophila: comparison of clinical features, host-related risk factors, and outcomes

Cited by 29 publications

References 16 publications

Comparison of Legionella longbeachae and Legionella pneumophila cases in Scotland; implications for diagnosis, treatment and public health response

Comparison of Legionella longbeachae and Legionella pneumophila cases in Scotland; implications for diagnosis, treatment and public health response

Changing epidemiological trends of legionellosis in New Zealand, 1979–2009

Comparative and Functional Genomics of Legionella Identified Eukaryotic Like Proteins as Key Players in Host?Pathogen Interactions

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