Legalizing markets and the consequences for poaching of wildlife species: The vicuña as a case study

McAllister, Ryan R. J.; McNeill, Desmond; Gordon, Iain J.

doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.08.014

Cited by 24 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…This does not prevent claims though that CITES has had greater success (e.g., CITES, 2013a), but which in reality plays down the primary role of complimentary conservation efforts (Martin, 2000). Cases where CITES is considered to have been effective include: the recovery of crocodilian populations (Jenkins et al, 2004;Platt and Thorbjarnarson, 2000); the recovery of the Southern white rhino in South Africa (Amin et al, 2006); export quotas for the leopard (Panthera pardus) in Southern Africa (Jenkins, 2000) and Suleiman markhor (Capra falconeri) in Pakistan (Frisina and Tareen, 2009); as well as annotations down listing vicuña (Vicugña vicugña) in South America (see Table 2; McAllister et al, 2009). Generally, improvements in the conservation status of these species followed the removal of trade bans and the advent of regulated trade, including ranching in the case of crocodilians which bestowed an economic value on wild populations, and crucially, the involvement and buy- Ababa Principles and Guidelines Practical Principle 2: Recognises that local users of biodiversity components should be sufficiently empowered and supported by rights to be responsible and accountable for use of the resources concerned.…”

Section: The Effectiveness Of Citesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, community-based approaches have demonstrated the potential to deliver positive outcomes for species conservation and local, economic development (Murphree, 2009;Velásquez Gomar and Stringer, 2011). Examples include community management of the vicuña (Vicugña vicugña) and ranching of the Broad-snouted cayman (Caiman latirostris) in South America, projects such as CAMPFIRE (Community Areas Management Programme for Indigenous Resources) in Southern Africa, and community-based trophy hunting of the Suleiman markhor in Pakistan McAllister et al, 2009;Wheeler and Domingo, 1997;Taylor, 2009). Important opportunities therefore exist by engaging local communities in implementing CITES though further research and evaluation are necessary to understand the approaches that have and have not been effective, where, and the reasons why (Roe et al, 2009;Murphree, 2009;Abensperg-Traun et al, 2011).…”

Section: Over Reliance On Regulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Towards informed and multi-faceted wildlife trade interventions

Challender

Harrop

MacMillan

2015

Global Ecology and Conservation

165

153

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a b s t r a c tInternational trade in wildlife is a key threat to biodiversity conservation. CITES, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, seeks to ensure international wildlife trade is sustainable, relying on trade bans and controls. However, there has been little comprehensive review of its effectiveness and here we review approaches taken to regulate wildlife trade in CITES. Although assessing its effectiveness is problematic, we assert that CITES boasts few measurable conservation successes. We attribute this to: non-compliance, an over reliance on regulation, lack of knowledge and monitoring of listed species, ignorance of market forces, and influence among CITES actors. To more effectively manage trade we argue that interventions should go beyond regulation and should be multi-faceted, reflecting the complexity of wildlife trade. To inform these interventions we assert an intensive research effort is needed around six key areas: (1) factors undermining wildlife trade governance at the national level, (2) determining sustainable harvest rates for, and adaptive management of CITES species, (3) gaining the buy-in of local communities in implementing CITES, (4) supply and demand based market interventions, (5) means of quantifying illicit trade, and (6) political processes and influence within CITES.

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Section: The Effectiveness Of Citesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Over Reliance On Regulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards informed and multi-faceted wildlife trade interventions

Challender

Harrop

MacMillan

2015

Global Ecology and Conservation

165

153

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…In addition, a plan of action focused on primarily up-listing a species to Appendix I does not guarantee that the result will be recovery for the species once trade and poaching cease, as observed in rhinos (Family Rhinocerotidae) (Leader-Williams, 2003) and African elephants (Loxodonta africana) (Jachmann, 2003). CITES has benefited some species but these usually included the development of a recovery plan that had the involvement of local communities or range states (Hutton and Webb, 2003;Leader-Williams, 2003;Frisina and Tareen, 2009;McAllister et al, 2009;Larriera et al, 2010;Lichtenstein, 2010). However, CITES has not been overtly successful in ''saving species'', often only tracking over-exploitation or extinction but not in tackling issues causing declines.…”

Section: Citesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rather, efforts are directed towards commercial trade, which from a global perspective in today's world is not as imminent in its impact as habitat loss (du Plessis, 2000) is for most species. This adds to the difficulty when evaluating whether particular CITES efforts are effective, unproductive or at times harmful (see also Blundell and Mascia, 2005;Reeve, 2006;McAllister et al, 2009;Phelps et al, 2010). Some species are at great risk from poaching and illegal wildlife trade (Yi-Ming et al, 2000;Leader-Williams, 2003;Sodhi et al, 2004;Galster et al, 2010;Michel, 2010;Rosen and Smith, 2010;Underwood et al, 2013;UNEP, 2013;Mondol et al, 2014;Tella and Hiraldo, 2014;Wittemyer et al, 2014;Nijman and Shepherd, 2015) and it is these species that CITES was designed to protect and should do so with fervor.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unexpected and undesired conservation outcomes of wildlife trade bans—An emerging problem for stakeholders?

Weber

Mandler

Dyck

et al. 2015

Global Ecology and Conservation

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a b s t r a c t CITES regulates international trade with the goal of preventing over-exploitation, thus the survival of species are not jeopardized from trade practices; however it has been used recently in nontrade conservation measures. As an example, the US proposed to uplist polar bears under CITES Appendix I, despite that the species did not conform to the biological criteria. Polar bears were listed as 'threatened' under US ESA in 2008, in response to loss of sea-ice and warming temperatures. In Nunavut, where most of Canada's polar bears are harvested, the resulting trade ban did not decrease total harvest after the ESA listing but reduced US hunter participation and the proportion of quotas taken by sport hunters from specific populations. Consequently, the import ban impacted livelihoods of Arctic indigenous communities with negative conservation -reduced tolerance for dangerous fauna and affected local participation in shared management initiatives. The polar bear may be the exemplar of an emerging problem: the use of trade bans in place of action for non-trade threats, e.g., climate change. Conservation prospects for this species and other climate-sensitive wildlife will likely diminish if the increasing use of trade bans to combat non-trade issues cause stakeholders to lose faith in participatory management.

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“…For example, in Africa's Maasailand poor relationships between the state and individual enterprises have been disempowering local communities thus hampering both conservation and livelihood outcomes (Homewood and Thompson 2009). In South America, international involvement in the efforts to protect the vicuna have worked perversely to both endanger and protect the species, but a lack of community engagement in active recovery efforts is ultimately threatening its sustainability (Lichtenstein and Carmanchahi this edition;McAllister et al 2009a). At the other extreme, however, others warn that simply seeking to empower local resource users provides no guarantee for achieving conservation success (Bradshaw 2003).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Conservation and grazing in Australia’s north-east: the bridled nailtail wallaby

Kearney¹,

McAllister

MacLeod

2012

Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice

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Australia's vast continent is dominated by semi-arid and arid landscapes that have been modified to support the development of an extensive livestock grazing industry. Historically, this development has come at great environmental cost, with wide-scale landscape degradation and loss of biodiversity, including small macropods. With the growing appreciation of environmental values and ecological services provided by grazing landscapes, the engagement of pastoral landholders is now central to contemporary conservation efforts. In this paper we explore the spluttering recovery of Australia's critically endangered bridled nailtail wallaby Onychogalea fraenata, once presumed extinct but now subject to a limited rehabilitation program in Queensland. We explore the 'fit' between management units and the scale of conservation challenges for the bridled nailtail wallaby, and then use this to frame the role of the private grazing industry in the governance of conservation actions. A centralised state conservation program has largely failed to stop the decline of the species, which remains critically endangered. We argue that non-state (privately) managed grazing properties working within a multi-level governance system that includes the state have a greater chance of conservation success because their actions can more appropriately match the scale of the problem at the implementation level. If the species recovers, the balance of management focus will need to shift towards broader scale actions such that localised disconnected sub-populations can successfully interbreed. By analysing the institutional failures that surround the bridled nailtail wallaby, we provide recommendations on how public institutions or policies can successfully catalyse private sector action at regional scales. These include avoiding economic incentives that may crowd out local stewardship, avoiding overly-authoritative state control (i.e. mono-centricity), and developing a multilevel governance structure that can strategically adapt its focus to the scale of various and shifting targets.

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Legalizing markets and the consequences for poaching of wildlife species: The vicuña as a case study

Cited by 24 publications

References 27 publications

Towards informed and multi-faceted wildlife trade interventions

Towards informed and multi-faceted wildlife trade interventions

Unexpected and undesired conservation outcomes of wildlife trade bans—An emerging problem for stakeholders?

Conservation and grazing in Australia’s north-east: the bridled nailtail wallaby

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