Legal ontology of sales law application to ecommerce

Abstract

Legal codes, such as the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) examined in this article, are good points of entry for AI and ontology work because of their more straightforward adaptability to relationship linking and rules-based encoding. However, approaches relying on encoding solely on formal code structure are incomplete, missing the rich experience of practitioner expertise that identifies key relationships and decision criteria often supplied by experienced practitioners and process experts from various disciplines (e.g., sociology, political economics, logistics, operations research). This research focuses on the UCC because it transcends the limitations of a formal code, functioning essentially as a composite. AI work can benefit from real-world codes like the UCC, which are essentially formal codes enlightened from a more realistic experience-base from centuries of development in international commercial transactions settings. This paper then describes our initial work in converting an expert system on the U.S. law governing the sale of goods from Article II of the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), into a knowledge-based system using the Web Ontology Language OWL.

Service contract modeling in Enterprise Architecture: An ontology-based approach

“…With respect to contract ontology, several of them have been proposed in the last decades using a legal perspective. For example: the ontology for international contract law [58]; the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) Ontology on legal contract formation [59]; the MPEG Media Contract Ontology (MCO) [60] to deal with rights concerning multimedia assets and intellectual property content; and, the contract ontology based on the SweetDeal rule-based approach [61]. Although not strictly speaking a contract ontology, a conceptual model for deontic concepts is also provided for RM-ODP in [62].…”

ATOB algorithm: an automatic ontology construction for Thai legal sentences retrieval

“…The TERMINAE method enhanced micro-ontology building using an alignment process with a core legal ontology [19]. The e-commerce system converted an expert system on the United States’ law governing the sale of goods from the uniform commercial code (UCC) into a knowledge-based system using the web ontology language (OWL) [20]. The software was built to support the user in order to refine legal ontology based on MRD, and worked in international sale of goods contracts [8].…”

Characteristics of document similarity measures for compliance analysis

“…Techniques in this area range from defining formal languages and logical systems in contract representation [6] to integrating legal knowledge into expert systems that govern contract formation [7].…”