Legal Liability Issues in Agricultural Biotechnology

Kershen, Drew L.

doi:10.2135/cropsci2004.4560

Cited by 24 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…There are ongoing debates in the United States, Canada, New Zealand and other countries (see e.g. Smyth, Khachatourians and Phillips 2002;Kershen 2002;Conner 2003). Thus, the governance of the future co-existence of GM-crops, conventional crops and organic crops is becoming a burning issue.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial Dimension of Externalities and the Coase Theorem: Implications for Co-existence of Transgenic Crops

Beckmann

Wesseler

Regional Externalities

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial Dimension of Externalities and the Coase Theorem: Implications for Co-existence of Transgenic Crops

Beckmann

Wesseler

Regional Externalities

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“…18 As is noted by Kershen, after a 14-month USDA investigation as to how this comingling occurred, costing over US$1 million, no conclusive explanation exists. 19 Over 1,000 lawsuits have been launched against the developer of LL601, Bayer CropScience, as the court rejected a class action lawsuit. 20 The authors note that some reports indicate that over 6,000 lawsuits have been filed.…”

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confidence: 99%

Risk, regulation, and biotechnology: The case of GM crops

Smyth¹,

Phillips²

2014

gmcrops

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The global regulation of products of biotechnology is increasingly divided. Regulatory decisions for genetically modified (GM) crops in North America are predictable and efficient, with numerous countries in Latin and South America, Australia and Asia following this lead. While it might have been possible to argue that Europe's regulations were at one time based on real concerns about minimizing risks and ensuring health and safety, it is increasingly apparent that the entire European Union (EU) regulatory system for GM crops and foods is now driven by political agendas. Countries within the EU are at odds with each other as some have commercial production of GM crops, while others refuse to even develop regulations that could provide for the commercial release of GM crops. This divide in regulatory decision-making is affecting international grain trade, creating challenges for feeding an increasing global population.

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“…The continued appearance of off-types in wheat cultivars indicates that genetic purity can be compromised ) despite the primarily self-pollinating nature of wheat (Waines and Hegde 2003). Concerns over market acceptance of transgenic wheat and the importance of protecting patented plant cultivars necessitates heightened attention around the issue of crop to crop and volunteer to crop gene flow (Conner et al 2003;Kershen 2004). The relatively high frequency of wheat in North American crop rotations (Leeson et al 2002a,b) is of concern with respect to transgene movement and the potential for AP because it is likely that many transgenic wheat cultivars will be grown next to non-transgenic wheat cultivars.…”

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confidence: 99%

The biology and ecology of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and its implications for trait confinement

Willenborg¹,

Acker²

2008

Can. J. Plant Sci.

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Willenborg, C. J. and Van Acker, R. C. 2008. The biology and ecology of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and its implications for trait confinement. Can. J. Plant Sci. 88: 997Á1013. This review summarizes the biological and ecological factors of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) that contribute to trait movement including the ability to volunteer, germination and establishment characteristics, breeding system, pollen movement, and hybridization potential. Although wheat has a short-lived seedbank with a wide range of temperature and moisture requirements for germination and no evidence of secondary dormancy, volunteer wheat populations are increasing in relative abundance and some level of seed persistence in the soil has been observed. Hexaploid wheat is predominantly self-pollinating with cleistogamous flowers and pollen viability under optimal conditions of only 0.5 h, yet observations indicate that pollen-mediated gene flow can and will occur at distances up to 3 km and is highly dependent on prevailing wind patterns. Hybridization with wild relatives such as A. cylindrica Host., Secale cereale L., and Triticum turgidum L. is a serious concern in regions where these species grow in field margins and unmanaged lands, regardless of which genome the transgene is located on. More research is needed to determine the long-term population dynamics of volunteer wheat populations before conclusions can be drawn with regard to their role in trait movement. Seed movement has the potential to create adventitious presence (AP) on a larger scale than pollen, and studies tracing the movement of wheat seed in the grain handling system are needed. Finally, the development of mechanistic models that predict landscape-level trait movement are required to identify transgene escape routes and critical points for gene containment in various cropping systems. ) qui concourent au flux de certains caracte`res, dont la repousse spontane´e, la germination et les parame`tres de l'implantation, le syste`me de reproduction, le de´placement du pollen et le potentiel d'hybridation. Bien que les semences du ble´n'aient pas une grande longe´vite´et que leur germination soit lie´e a`maintes contraintes thermiques et hydriques, sans e´vidence de dormance secondaire, les peuplements a`re´ge´ne´ration naturelle sont de plus en plus nombreux et on note une certaine persistance des semences dans le sol. Le ble´hexaploı¨de est essentiellement autogame; ses fleurs sont cle´istogames et, dans les conditions optimales, le pollen n'est viable que 0,5 h. Pourtant, des observations indiquent que le pollen est responsable d'un flux ge´ne´tique jusqu'a`une distance de 3 km, mais que le phe´nome`ne de´pend fortement de la direction des vents dominants. L'hybridation avec des espe`ces sauvages apparente´es telles A. cylindrica Host., Secale cereale L. et Triticum turgidum L. est tre`s pre´occupante dans les re´gions ou`ces espe`ces poussent a`la lisie`re des champs et dans les terres incultes, peu importe le ge´nome portant le transge`ne. Il faudr...

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Legal Liability Issues in Agricultural Biotechnology

Cited by 24 publications

References 7 publications

Spatial Dimension of Externalities and the Coase Theorem: Implications for Co-existence of Transgenic Crops

Spatial Dimension of Externalities and the Coase Theorem: Implications for Co-existence of Transgenic Crops

Risk, regulation, and biotechnology: The case of GM crops

The biology and ecology of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and its implications for trait confinement

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