Legal Framework for the Sustainable Production of Short Rotation Coppice Biomass for Bioeconomy and Bioenergy

Zięty, Jakub Jan; Olba–Zięty, Ewelina; Stolarski, M.; Krzykowski, Michał; Krzyżaniak, Michał

doi:10.3390/en15041370

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The discounted payback period (DPP) and the internal rate of return (IRR) were also determined. These indices are often used to evaluate projects in the broadly defined energy sector [49,50].…”

Section: Financial Analysis Of the Compact Shower Heat Exchanger Appl...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Horizontal Shower Heat Exchanger as an Effective Domestic Hot Water Heating Alternative

Kordana-Obuch

Starzec

2022

Energies

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Wastewater has significant potential as a source of clean energy. This energy can be used both within external sewer networks and on the scale of individual residential buildings, and the use of shower heat exchangers appears to be the most reasonable solution. However, in the case of Poland, the problem is still the unwillingness of society to use this type of solution, caused mainly by the lack of space for the installation of vertical drain water heat recovery (DWHR) units and the low efficiency of horizontal units. In response to this issue, the efficiency of a new compact shower heat exchanger designed to be mounted below the shower tray, as well as its linear counterpart, was investigated under various operating conditions. In addition, the financial efficiency of using the compact DWHR unit with average water consumption for showering was evaluated. For this purpose, discount methods were used to estimate the financial efficiency of investments. The study showed that the compact shower heat exchanger has higher efficiency than its linear counterpart. Depending on the temperature of cold water and the flow rate of both media through the heat exchanger, it achieves efficiencies ranging from 22.43% to 31.82%, while the efficiency of the linear DWHR unit did not exceed 23.03% in the study. The financial analysis showed that its use is particularly beneficial when the building uses an electric hot water heater. The investment’s sensitivity to changes in the independent variables is small in this case, even with low water consumption per shower. The only exceptions are investment outlays. Therefore, the compact DWHR unit is a clean energy device, which in many cases is financially viable.

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Section: Financial Analysis Of the Compact Shower Heat Exchanger Appl...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Horizontal Shower Heat Exchanger as an Effective Domestic Hot Water Heating Alternative

Kordana-Obuch

Starzec

2022

Energies

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“…On the other hand, biomass producers have not been offered any effective support, which explains the limited supply of biomass. Biomass producers could only take advantage, to a limited degree, of subsidies to short rotation coppices (SRCs) [83]. Additionally, the production of woody biomass was based on existing forests rather than on dedicated plantations.…”

Section: After 2022mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, their occurrence proved that the selection of the literature references concerning biomass production for energy purposes was correct, while the detailed analysis of the literature let us address another issue related to biomass production for energy purposes in the context of external costs, that is the competition for agricultural land. The production of biomass for energy purposes should take place on the land that does not compete with the production of food or fodder, although it does not undermine the idea that the latter should constitute an important component of agricultural production as well [83].…”

Section: Analysis Of Co-occurrencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Energies 2023, 16, x FOR PEER REVIEW 20 of 27 energy purposes in the context of external costs, that is the competition for agricultural land. The production of biomass for energy purposes should take place on the land that does not compete with the production of food or fodder, although it does not undermine the idea that the latter should constitute an important component of agricultural production as well [83].…”

Section: Analysis Of Co-occurrencementioning

confidence: 99%

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External Environmental Costs of Solid Biomass Production against the Legal and Political Background in Europe

2023

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Over the years, the generation of energy from renewable sources (RES) has gained importance because of a number of reasons. One of the most powerful arguments in favor of the development of RES is the deteriorating natural environment, and consequently worse human health, due to energy generation from fossil fuels. The extent of this impact can be determined by identifying external costs. In a circular economy, the estimation of external costs attracts much attention in both the literature and practice. The aim of this article was to review and analyze the latest literature (2018–2022) covering the external environmental costs of solid biomass production for energy purposes in the context of the political, legal and methodological debate concerning the production of energy from biomass, and to make an effort to estimate the external costs of producing energy from solid biomass grown for energy purposes. The methods used in the article were as follows: a comparative analysis of the collected references; a dogmatic analysis of the contents; a meta-analysis of results published in the literature; and an analysis of frequency occurrence and co-occurrence of the key words. The average external environmental costs of the production of biomass for energy purposes were calculated at 20.35 EUR Mg−1 d.m. with a 95% confidence range of 13.86–26.85 EUR Mg −1 d.m. (adjusted to EUR 2021). These values were estimated from the meta-analysis, which was statistically significant despite a rather small sample of studies submitted to the analysis. The European Union (EU) policy and the law passed under this policy over the past 15 years have supported and stimulated the development of renewable energy resources. The political and legal situation arising after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and the energy crisis has forced decision-makers to revise the previously developed assumptions, although reducing greenhouse gas emissions in Europe and achieving climate neutrality remain important targets. It is also crucial to make Europe independent from Russian fossil fuels, for example by accelerating activities aiming to raise the production of renewable energy. In this context, the production of solid biomass for energy purposes gains importance, especially since it can be produced locally and become an important contributor to national energy security. Hence, the external costs of the production of biomass and energy from sources other than fossil fuels should be analyzed. Such analyses are significant because they show the actual costs of renewable energy production, including its profitability and competitiveness in relation to fossil fuels.

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“…is intensively targeted because of its low cost and high yield; it is easily converted into alternative energy to reduce the use of conventional sources such as fossil fuel, coal, or crude oil. Therefore, this species represents a valuable green and renewable energy source [1][2][3], and the willow wood is used for combustion. Willow provides a good source of income, with commercial cultivation periods of a few years up to 15-20 years in the same field [4,5] and, on average, 25 years [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Primary Growth Effect of Salix viminalis L. CV. Inger and Tordis in Controlled Conditions by Exploring Optimum Cutting Lengths and Rhizogenesis Treatments

et al. 2022

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The major disadvantage of setting up a willow coppice is the low survival rate, which reduces economic efficiency and crop sustainability. The aim of this research was to test, under controlled conditions, the impact of water, gibberellic acid A3 (0.05%), and humic acid (0.2%) on the growth and development of two willow clones. Under humic acid treatment, 20 cm cuttings of the Tordis clone developed up to 15 roots, and 25 cm cuttings developed more than 23. In comparison, water stimulated more than 15 roots for both 20 and 25 cm cuttings. Gibberellins acted as an inhibitor, especially on the roots, and the cuttings dried out from the top to the middle, with weak development of shoots and callus formation. For both clones, the highest number of active buds was observed on 20 and 25 cm cuttings grown in water, with more than four for Inger and more than seven for Tordis. Root development of the Inger clone had a maximum of eight for 25 cm cuttings grown in water; it was three times lower in the same variant of Tordis and two times lower for the Tordis clone with humic acid treatment. In general, Inger cuttings of 15 and 25 cm highlighted a delayed root formation when humic acids and gibberellins were applied. In controlled condition experiments, the Tordis clone was more suitable owing to its higher development and increased growth stability.

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Legal Framework for the Sustainable Production of Short Rotation Coppice Biomass for Bioeconomy and Bioenergy

Cited by 5 publications

References 24 publications

Horizontal Shower Heat Exchanger as an Effective Domestic Hot Water Heating Alternative

Horizontal Shower Heat Exchanger as an Effective Domestic Hot Water Heating Alternative

External Environmental Costs of Solid Biomass Production against the Legal and Political Background in Europe

Primary Growth Effect of Salix viminalis L. CV. Inger and Tordis in Controlled Conditions by Exploring Optimum Cutting Lengths and Rhizogenesis Treatments

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