Legal changes to increase access to naloxone for opioid overdose reversal in the United States

Davis, Corey S.; Carr, Derek

doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.10.013

Cited by 146 publications

(113 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Although many states have updated their laws to allow naloxone distribution, there are still programs operating in states without any naloxone access laws (Law Atlas 2014). There are also programs in states which permit naloxone distribution but have yet to adopt a 911 Good Samaritan law, which gives legal protection to non-medical individuals who provide emergency assistance (Davis 2014). It is crucial to assess how overdose prevention programs operate in these climates in order to determine the effects of legal barriers on the success of naloxone distribution and overdose education programs across the nation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effectiveness of bystander naloxone administration and overdose education programs: a meta-analysis

2015

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The objective of this review was to assess the effectiveness of bystander naloxone administration and overdose education programs by synthesizing quantitative results reported in the research literature. Studies meeting predefined criteria were identified and reviewed, and their results were synthesized through meta-analysis. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for overdose recoveries for individuals who received naloxone dispensed by non-medical community members, and the standardized mean difference was calculated for test scores of non-medical volunteers who received training in overdose management versus the scores of untrained volunteers. Pooled data from four studies showed that naloxone administration by bystanders was associated with a significantly increased odds of recovery compared with no naloxone administration (OR = 8.58, 95% CI = 3.90 to 13.25). Data from five studies of overdose education indicated that average scores were significantly higher for trained participants than untrained participants for tests on naloxone administration, overdose recognition, and overdose response (standardized mean difference = 1.35, 95% CI = 0.92 to 1.77). Empirical evidence in the research literature suggests that bystander naloxone administration and overdose education programs are associated with increased odds of recovery and with improved knowledge of overdose recognition and management in non-clinical settings.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40621-015-0041-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effectiveness of bystander naloxone administration and overdose education programs: a meta-analysis

2015

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“…In a few states, the law includes immunity for possession of drug paraphernalia, and in some states, the law includes provisions for the Good Samaritan’s response to be considered as a mitigating factor in sentencing (Davis & Carr, 2015; Davis & Chang, 2016). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why are some people who have received overdose education and naloxone reticent to call Emergency Medical Services in the event of overdose?

Koester

Mueller

Raville

et al. 2017

International Journal of Drug Policy

117

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Background Overdose Education and Naloxone Distribution (OEND) training for persons who inject drugs (PWID) underlines the importance of summoning emergency medical services (EMS). To encourage PWID to do so, Colorado enacted a Good Samaritan law providing limited immunity from prosecution for possession of a controlled substance and/or drug paraphernalia to the overdose victim and the witnesses who in good faith provide emergency assistance. This paper examines the law’s influence by describing OEND trained PWIDs’ experience reversing overdoses and their decision about calling for EMS support. Methods Findings from two complementary studies, a qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews with OEND trained PWID who had reversed one or more overdoses, and an on-going fieldwork-based project examining PWIDs’ self-identified health concerns were triangulated to describe and explain participants’ decision to call for EMS. Results In most overdose reversals described, no EMS call was made. Participants reported several reasons for not doing so. Most frequent was the fear that despite the Good Samaritan law, a police response would result in arrest of the victim and/or witness for outstanding warrants, or sentence violations. Fears were based on individual and collective experience, and reinforced by the city of Denver’s aggressive approach to managing homelessness through increased enforcement of misdemeanors and the imposition of more recent ordinances, including a camping ban, to control space. The city’s homeless crisis was reflected as well in the concern expressed by housed PWID that an EMS intervention would jeopardize their public housing. Conclusion Results suggest that the immunity provided by the Good Samaritan law does not address PWIDs’ fear that their current legal status as well as the victim’s will result in arrest and incarceration. As currently conceived, the Good Samaritan law does not provide immunity for PWIDs’ already enmeshed in the criminal justice system, or PWID fearful of losing their housing.

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“…A recent review of evaluations of Take-Home Naloxone (THN) programmes in the US, Canada, Germany and the UK, found that these significantly reduced heroin overdose mortality rates (Strang & McDonald, 2016a) . As of September 2015, 43 US states had legalised naloxone access for peers (Davis & Carr, 2015), as well Lenton, Dietze, & Jauncey, 2016;Strang & McDonald, 2016b) and a number of US states have also proposed this (Beheshti, et al, 2015;Kim, Irwin, & Khoshnood, 2009). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The extent of and factors associated with self-reported overdose and self-reported receipt of naloxone among people who inject drugs (PWID) in England, Wales and Northern Ireland

O’Halloran

Cullen

Njoroge

et al. 2017

International Journal of Drug Policy

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The extent of and factors associated with self-reported overdose and selfreported receipt of naloxone among people who inject drugs (PWID) in England, Wales and Northern Ireland.http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/6768/ Article LJMU has developed LJMU Research Online for users to access the research output of the University more effectively. Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Users may download and/or print one copy of any article(s) in LJMU Research Online to facilitate their private study or for non-commercial research. You may not engage in further distribution of the material or use it for any profit-making activities or any commercial gain.The version presented here may differ from the published version or from the version of the record. Please see the repository URL above for details on accessing the published version and note that access may require a subscription. LJMU Research OnlineThe extent of and factors associated with self-reported overdose and self-reported receipt of naloxone among people who inject drugs in England, Wales and Northern Ireland AbstractThe extent of and factors associated with self-reported overdose and self-reported receipt of naloxone among people who inject drugs in England, Wales and Northern Ireland

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Legal changes to increase access to naloxone for opioid overdose reversal in the United States

Cited by 146 publications

References 55 publications

Effectiveness of bystander naloxone administration and overdose education programs: a meta-analysis

Effectiveness of bystander naloxone administration and overdose education programs: a meta-analysis

Why are some people who have received overdose education and naloxone reticent to call Emergency Medical Services in the event of overdose?

The extent of and factors associated with self-reported overdose and self-reported receipt of naloxone among people who inject drugs (PWID) in England, Wales and Northern Ireland

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