Legal aspects of human orbital and suborbital spaceflight: Some legal, medical and ethical considerations

Hobe, Stephan; Popova, Rada

doi:10.1016/j.reach.2018.06.001

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…In all these new ideas and endeavors, there are ethical issues that go beyond the human experimentation principles set out in the Declaration of Helsinki on ethics for medical research involving humans ( World Medical Association, 2001 ; WHO, 2001 ) and these require thorough deliberation and oversight. There are concerns regarding pre-flight screening and whether there is effective “informed consent” of astronauts given the high number of unknowns in space flight ( Hobe and Popova 2017 ; Koepsell 2017 ; Legato 2019 ). In a short-term perspective these issues have been managed within existing legal frameworks through the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, National and International practices and negotiated within the Space Agencies.…”

Section: Discussion and Vision For The Futurementioning

confidence: 99%

The Future of Personalized Medicine in Space: From Observations to Countermeasures

Loriè

Baatout

Choukèr

et al. 2021

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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The aim of personalized medicine is to detach from a “one-size fits all approach” and improve patient health by individualization to achieve the best outcomes in disease prevention, diagnosis and treatment. Technological advances in sequencing, improved knowledge of omics, integration with bioinformatics and new in vitro testing formats, have enabled personalized medicine to become a reality. Individual variation in response to environmental factors can affect susceptibility to disease and response to treatments. Space travel exposes humans to environmental stressors that lead to physiological adaptations, from altered cell behavior to abnormal tissue responses, including immune system impairment. In the context of human space flight research, human health studies have shown a significant inter-individual variability in response to space analogue conditions. A substantial degree of variability has been noticed in response to medications (from both an efficacy and toxicity perspective) as well as in susceptibility to damage from radiation exposure and in physiological changes such as loss of bone mineral density and muscle mass in response to deconditioning. At present, personalized medicine for astronauts is limited. With the advent of longer duration missions beyond low Earth orbit, it is imperative that space agencies adopt a personalized strategy for each astronaut, starting from pre-emptive personalized pre-clinical approaches through to individualized countermeasures to minimize harmful physiological changes and find targeted treatment for disease. Advances in space medicine can also be translated to terrestrial applications, and vice versa. This review places the astronaut at the center of personalized medicine, will appraise existing evidence and future preclinical tools as well as clinical, ethical and legal considerations for future space travel.

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Section: Discussion and Vision For The Futurementioning

confidence: 99%

The Future of Personalized Medicine in Space: From Observations to Countermeasures

Loriè

Baatout

Choukèr

et al. 2021

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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“…Furthermore, the flight preparations may take only a few days. But there are no legal regulations regarding medical criteria which must be meet by potential customers of suborbital space tourism flights (Hobe and Popovab, 2017). The idea of those flights assumes exceeding the limit of Earth’s atmosphere and outer space, which is situated at 100 kilometres above the sea level – Karman Line (FAI – Astronautic Records Commission, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aerodynamic and static stability investigation into aircraft coupled system to suborbital space flights

Figat

Kwiek

2021

AEAT

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Purpose The aim of the research is to conduct a study into a configuration of an aircraft system with a focus on aerodynamics. In addition, trim condition and static stability constraints were included. The main application of this system is suborbital space flights. The presented concept of a modular airplane system (MAS) consists of two vehicles: a Rocket Plane and a Carrier. Both are designed in tailless configurations but coupled formed a classic tail aircraft configuration, where the Rocket Plane works as the empennage. The most important challenge is to define the mutual position of those two tailless vehicles under the assumption that each vehicle will be operating alone in different flight conditions while joined in one object create a conventional aircraft. Each vehicle configuration (separated and coupled) must fulfil static stability and trim requirements. Design/methodology/approach Aircrafts’ aerodynamic characteristics were obtained using the MGAERO software which is a commercial computing fluid dynamics tool created by AMI Aero. This software uses the Euler flow model. Results from this software were used in the static stability and trim condition analysis. Findings The main outcome of this investigation is a mutual position of the Rocket Plane and the Carrier that fulfils project requirements. Also, the final configuration of both separated vehicles (Rocket Plane and Carrier) and the complete MAS were defined. In addition, it was observed that in the case of classic aircraft configuration which is created by connecting two tailless vehicles increasing horizontal tail arm reduces static stability. This is related to a significantly higher mass ratio of the horizontal tail (the Rocket Plane) with respect to the whole system. Moving backward, the Rocket Plane has a notable effect on a position of a centre of gravity of the whole system static stability. Moreover, the impact of the mutual vehicles’ position (horizontal tail arm) and inclination angle on the coupled vehicle lift to drag ratio was analysed. Research limitations/implications In terms of aerodynamic computation, MGAERO software using an inviscid flow model, therefore, both a friction drag and breakdown of vortex are not considered. But the presented research is for the computation stage of the design, and the MGAERO software guarantees satisfactory accuracy with respect to the relatively low time of computations. The second limitation is that the presented results are for the conceptual stage of the design and dynamic stability constraints were not taken into account. Practical implications The ultimate goal of the coupled aircraft project is to conduct flying tests and the presented result is one of the milestones to achieve this goal. Originality/value A design process for a conventional aircraft configuration is well known however, there are not many examples of vehicles that consist of two coupled aircrafts where both vehicles have similar mass. The unique part of this paper includes results of the investigation of the mutual position of the vehicles that can fly alone, as well as in coupled form. The impact of the position of the centre of gravity on trim conditions and static stability of the coupled configuration was investigated.

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Legal aspects of human orbital and suborbital spaceflight: Some legal, medical and ethical considerations

Cited by 2 publications

References 1 publication

The Future of Personalized Medicine in Space: From Observations to Countermeasures

The Future of Personalized Medicine in Space: From Observations to Countermeasures

Aerodynamic and static stability investigation into aircraft coupled system to suborbital space flights

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