Legal and Policy Dimensions of Coastal Zone Monitoring and Control: The Case in Ghana

Coastal cities governance in the context of integrated coastal zonal management: a sustainable development goal perspective under international environmental law for ‘coastal sustainability’

“…However, the literature does not provide much clarity on how the legal obligations can be incorporated into 'ICZM' for 'coastal sustainability' (Harrould-Kolieb and Hoegh-Guldberg, 2019). Although there is prospective literature on IEL and UNCLOS dealing with marine environmental protection, fisheries preservation, and ocean conservation, 'coastal sustainability' is amalgamated with typical approaches that do not consider the direct impacts of diverse governance mechanisms as mentioned above (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 1982;Miles et al, 1995;Ali, 2004).…”

“…The regional and national legislative developments under UNCLOS and the Rio Declaration provide scientific dimensions of coastal cities' and ports' policies. The vertical and horizontal integration presented in UNCLOS and Rio Declaration also provides implementation mechanisms (Ali, 2004;Wescott, 2009). These mechanisms significantly integrate stakeholders in national legislative frameworks through spatial planning and governance.…”

“…Coordination and adaptivity promote shared responsibility, capacity, knowledge and data sharing, and co-evaluation of policy implementation programs (Ali, 2004). As ICZM faces diverse challenges of overlapping jurisdictions, conflicting interests, and fragmentation, coordinated efforts in a single direction are not easily grasped.…”