“…The involvement of qadis in the administration of punishment, however, varied from place to place and time to time, and as the Ottoman example illustrates, it would be hasty to claim, as Tyan (1960) did, that the repressive jurisdiction, from an early time, lay exclusively in the hands of the institutions of siyasa government. Instead, it makes more sense to speak of networks of overlapping jurisdictions of the qadi, the so-called courts of grievances (mazalim) of the ruler-that-be, and of the ad hoc jurisdictions of the urban police (shurta, shihna), and censor of public morals (muhtasib) (Lange 2006).…”