Legacy per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and alternatives (short-chain analogues, F-53B, GenX and FC-98) in residential soils of China: Present implications of replacing legacy PFASs

Li, Jiafu; He, Jiahui; Niu, Zhiguang; Zhang, Ying

doi:10.1016/j.envint.2019.105419

Cited by 109 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 90 publications

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“…Due to global regulations, the production of PFOA, PFOS, and related compounds shifted from the USA and Europe to China, where the production continued in large quantities [21,22]. Moreover, shorter chain-length PFAS (C4-C6) as well as other new compounds, such as polyfluoroalkyl ether acids, are increasingly used as dominant alternative compounds [23,24]. Nowadays, more than 4700 different PFAS are registered on the global market [25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PFOA alternatives, such as polyfluoroalkyl ether carboxylic acids (e.g., dodecalfluoro-3H-4,8-dioxanonanoate (ADONA)), were detected in human serum [23] and perfluoroalkyl ether carboxylic acids (e.g., hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA, also known as GenX), as well as 6:2 chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonates (6:2 Cl-PFESA, also known as F53B)) were found in environmental samples in Europe and China [24,33]. Additionally, other new and mostly unknown substances are continuously identified in water bodies [34].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison of extraction methods for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human serum and placenta samples—insights into extractable organic fluorine (EOF)

et al. 2020

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Since the detection of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in humans and different environmental media in the last two decades, this substance group has attracted a lot of attention as well as increasing concerns. The fluorine mass balance approach, by comparing the levels of targeted PFAS after conversion to fluorine equivalents with those of extractable organic fluorine (EOF), showed the presence of unidentified organofluorine in different environmental samples. Out of the thousands of PFAS in existence, only a very small fraction is included in routine analysis. In recent years, liquid chromatography coupled with tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has demonstrated the ability to analytically cover a wide spectrum of PFAS. In contrast, conventional extraction methods developed 10 to 15 years ago were only evaluated for a limited number of PFAS. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of three different extraction methods, adapted from the literatures without further optimization (ion-pair liquid-liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction (SPE), using hydrophilic-lipophilic (HLB) or weak anion exchange (WAX) sorbents), for human biomonitoring of 61 PFAS in serum and placental tissue samples. In addition, levels of EOF were compared among these extraction methods via spiked samples. Results showed that performance, in terms of recovery, differed between the extraction methods for different PFAS; different extraction methods resulted in different EOF concentrations indicating that the choice of extraction method is important for target PFAS and EOF analysis. Results of maternal serum samples, analyzed in two different laboratories using two different extraction methods, showed an accordance of 107.6% (± 21.3); the detected perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in maternal and cord serum samples were in the range of 0.076 to 2.9 ng/mL.Graphical abstract

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of extraction methods for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human serum and placenta samples—insights into extractable organic fluorine (EOF)

et al. 2020

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“…A wide number of reports have detected PFOA and PFOS in soil, water, biota, and food all over the globe. These studies identified contamination from historic and recent PFAS usage, as well as identifying direct and/or indirect human exposure in Europe (Kowalczyk et al 2012;Toft et al 2012;Flores et al 2013;Filipovic et al 2015;Lindim et al 2016), the Americas (Olsen et al 2012;Geiger et al 2014;Rankin et al 2016;Harris et al 2017;Olsen et al 2017), Australia (Baduel et al 2014;Toms et al 2014;Gomis et al 2017;Gallen et al 2018;O'Connor et al 2018), Antarctica (Bengtson et al 2010;Cai et al 2012;Llorca et al 2012), Africa (Hanssen et al 2010;Essumang et al 2017;Verhaert et al 2017;Groffen et al 2018), and Asia (Fujii et al 2012;Lee et al 2013b;Choi et al 2017;Kim and Kim 2018;Kim et al 2019;Li et al 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental and dietary exposure of perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid in the Nakdong River, Korea

Choi¹,

Lee

Bruce-Vanderpuije

et al. 2020

Environ Geochem Health

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This study performed the first environmental and dietary exposure assessment to explore plant uptake of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) from agricultural soil and irrigation water in the Nakdong River delta, South Korea. Annual average concentrations of total PFOA and PFOS ranged from 0.026 to 0.112 µg L -1 (irrigation water), and from 0.818 to 1.364 µg kg -1 (soil), respectively. PFOA and PFOS hotspots were identified downstream of the Nakdong River, and were influenced by seasonal climatic variations. The observed average biennial concentration of the sum of PFOA and PFOS decreased in irrigation water, from 0.112 µg L -1 in 2013 to 0.026 µg L -1 in 2015, suggests that the 2013 Persistent Organic Pollutants Control Act may have helped to reduce levels of PFAS at this location. This study calculated some of the highest plant uptake factors reported to date, with values ranging from 0.962 in green onions to < 0.004 in plums. Leafy vegetables and rice are important components of the Korean diet; these groups had the largest contribution to the estimated dietary intake of PFOA and PFOS, which was calculated at 0.449 and 0.140 ng kgbw -1 day -1 , respectively. This corresponded to 66.4% for PFOA and 7.9% for PFOS of the EFSA reference dose (RfD). The dietary intake of PFOA and PFOS from crops alone did not exceed the RfD. However, when the estimated daily intake (EDI) from other sources such as tap water, meat, fish, dairy and beverages were included in the exposure risk assessment, both of the EDIs to PFOA and PFOS exceeded the RfDs, indicating there may be a risk to human health. This study concludes that consumption of crops might, therefore, be a significant and underappreciated pathway for human exposure to PFAS.

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“…Whether these alternative compounds should be really considered safe for human health and for the environment remains to be fully elucidated [ 9 ]. Several studies highlighted toxic effects of some short-chain PFAS compounds in different types of cells [ 10 , 11 ]). A recent study also demonstrated that a new generation PFAS, i.e., hexafluoropropylene-oxide-dimer-acid (commonly known as GenX), exerts in vitro cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on thyroid cells [ 12 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The new generation PFAS C6O4 does not produce adverse effects on thyroid cells in vitro

Coperchini

Croce

Pignatti

et al. 2020

J Endocrinol Invest

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Purpose Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl-substances (PFASs) are synthetic compounds that raised concern due to their potential adverse effects on human health. Long-chain PFAS were banned by government rules in many states, and thus, new emerging PFAS were recently introduced as substitutes. Among these, Perfluoro{acetic acid, 2-[(5-methoxy-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)oxy]}, ammonium salt (C6O4) was recently introduced to produce a range of food contact articles and literature data about this compound are scanty. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effects of exposure to C6O4, compared with PFOA and PFOS on thyroid cells. Methods FRTL5 rat-thyroid cell lines and normal human thyroid cells (NHT) were incubated with increasing concentrations of C6O4 for 24, 48, 72, and 144 h to assess cell viability by WST-1. Cell viability was confirmed by AnnexinV/PI staining. Long-chain PFAS (PFOA and PFOS) were used at same concentrations as positive controls. The proliferation of cells exposed to C6O4, PFOA, and PFOS was measured by staining with crystal violet and evaluation of optical density after incubation with SDS. Changes in ROS production by FRTL5 and NHT after exposure to C6O4 at short (10, 20, and 30 min) and long-time points (24 h) were evaluated by cytofluorimetry. Results C6O4 exposure did not modify FRTL5 and NHT cell viability at any concentration and/or time points with no induction of necrosis/apoptosis. At difference, PFOS exposure reduced cell viability of FRTL5 while and NHT, while PFOA only in FRTL5. FRTL5 and NHT cell proliferation was reduced by incubation with by PFOA and PFOS, but not with C6O4. ROS production by NHT and FRTL5 cells was not modified after C6O4 exposure, at any time/concentration tested. Conclusions The present in vitro study constitutes the first evaluation of the potential adverse effects of the new emerging PFAS C6O4 in cultured rat and human thyroid cells, suggesting its safety for thyroid cells in vitro.

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Legacy per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and alternatives (short-chain analogues, F-53B, GenX and FC-98) in residential soils of China: Present implications of replacing legacy PFASs

Cited by 109 publications

References 90 publications

Comparison of extraction methods for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human serum and placenta samples—insights into extractable organic fluorine (EOF)

Comparison of extraction methods for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human serum and placenta samples—insights into extractable organic fluorine (EOF)

Environmental and dietary exposure of perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid in the Nakdong River, Korea

The new generation PFAS C6O4 does not produce adverse effects on thyroid cells in vitro

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