Leg stereotypy syndrome: phenomenology and prevalence

Lotia, Mitesh; York, Michele K.; Strutt, Adriana M.; Jankovic, Joseph

doi:10.1136/jnnp-2017-317057

Cited by 16 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Leg stereotypy syndrome was recently proposed as a common type of stereotypy typically beginning in childhood and presenting with repetitive movements affecting almost exclusively the legs while the patient is seated (and both the legs and the trunk while standing) [ 45 ]. In a study on 13 patients with Tourette syndrome seen at a specialist movement disorders clinic, leg stereotypy syndrome was observed in 30% of patients, compared to 7% of controls [ 46 ]. When prompted to focus on the subjective experiences accompanying their repetitive movements, most adult patients are able to clearly differentiate between their tics and stereotypies, as the latter ones lack the characteristic premonitory urge to tic.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Co-morbid tics and stereotypies: a systematic literature review

Cavanna,

Purpura,

Riva

et al. 2023

Neurol Sci

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Background Tics and stereotypies are childhood-onset repetitive behaviours that can pose significant diagnostic challenges in clinical practice. Both tics and stereotypies are characterised by a complex co-morbidity profile, however little is known about the co-occurrence of these hyperkinetic disorders in the same patient population. Objective This review aimed to assess the relationship between tics and stereotypies when these conditions present in co-morbidity. Methods We conducted a systematic literature review of original studies on co-morbid tics and stereotypies, according to the standards outlined in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Results Our literature search identified six studies of suitable sample size (n ≥ 40) presenting data on the association between tics and stereotypies in otherwise typically developing patients. A considerable proportion (23%) of patients diagnosed with stereotypic movement disorder present with co-morbid tics (range 18–43%). Likewise, the prevalence of primary stereotypies is increased in patients with tic disorders such as Tourette syndrome (8%, range 6–12%). Discussion Tics and stereotypies can often develop in co-morbidity. The association of tics and stereotypies in the same patient has practical implications, in consideration of the different treatment approaches. Future research should focus on the assessment and management of both conditions, particularly in special populations (e.g. patients with pervasive developmental disorders).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Co-morbid tics and stereotypies: a systematic literature review

Cavanna,

Purpura,

Riva

et al. 2023

Neurol Sci

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“…Evidence from imaging and neuropathological studies suggests SCAs are often multisystem neurological disorders with degeneration extending beyond the cerebellum. Paper [117] analyzes Leg Stereotypy Syndrome (LSS), which is marked by repetitive leg movement, particularly in seated individuals. The study concludes that LSS frequently occurs in patients with hyperkinetic movement disorders.…”

Section: H Abnormal Lower Limb Movementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[113] Post-stroke movement disorders Chorea, dystonia, tremor, parkinsonism Strong[114] Stroke Falling, balance issues, knee flexion Strong[116] Spinocerebellar ataxias Myoclonus, dystonia, chorea, parkinsonism, tremor Strong[117] Leg stereotypy syndrome Involuntary, repetitive, rhythmic and continuous leg movements while sitting, swaying movements of the legs and trunk while standing Strong[118] Gilles de la Tourette syndrome Dystonic tics: twisting, pulling, squeezing movements Strong[119] Noneffective psychosis Dyskinesias (involuntary), stereotypies (voluntary and repetitive), catatonic-like signs (hypokinetic and negativistic)…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Data-Driven Analysis of Patients’ Body Language in Healthcare: A Comprehensive Review

Turaev,

Babu,

Al-Dabet

et al. 2024

IEEE Access

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Body language refers to the unspoken communication conveyed through human body actions like body movements and postures, limb gestures, and facial and other bodily expressions. It acts as a transparent medium, exposing an individual's emotions, attitudes, true thoughts, intentions, and physical and mental health states. A person may express pain using hand movements or other bodily cues, their facial expressions potentially offering insights into the intensity of the pain. Additionally, various diseases and pains can induce abnormalities in body movements, postures, and expressions, signaling distress or discomfort. Therefore, investigating the cause-effect relationships between diseases/pains and patients' abnormal body language holds significant relevance, promising to enhance our understanding and management of these conditions. This importance has been reflected in numerous healthcare and artificial intelligence (AI) research articles. AI studies investigate this and related topics by detecting, recognizing, and analyzing patients' abnormal activities and body actions using machine-learning techniques. However, most AI studies do not consider comprehensive domain knowledge that describes a complete and accurate list of patients' abnormal actions caused by a disease or pain. Though these results appear consistent and stable from an AI outlook, they fall short when viewed through the prism of healthcare, primarily because the limited domain knowledge incorporated in the AI studies makes the findings partially incomplete. To overcome these drawbacks, this paper comprehensively reviews healthcare and medical studies centered on patients' body language from an AI outlook. It presents a thorough descriptive and exploratory analysis of the findings, yielding a more accurate and comprehensive understanding of the causational connections between diseases and abnormal body actions and the strength of the evidence supporting these connections. The analysis enables us to define "disease-to-abnormality" and "abnormality-to-disease" mappings that result in building exhaustive and accurate lists of abnormal body actions induced by diseases and pains as well as lists of diseases and pains causing particular abnormal body actions. The generation of these lists is assisted by the concepts of "correlation strength index" and "strongly correlated selection" defined in this paper. The paper's results have significant implications for developing machine learning systems that can more accurately analyze patients' physical and mental health states, correctly identify external signs and symptoms of diseases, and effectively monitor health conditions.

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“…Tremor is an involuntary, rhythmic, and oscillatory movement which may involve one or several body parts ( 1 , 2 ). After leg stereotypy syndrome ( 3 ), tremor is the most commonly observed movement disorder in adults ( 4 , 5 ). Tremor can be an isolated manifestation of a disease such as essential tremor (ET) or it can be a part of other neurological disorders.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tremor Syndromes: An Updated Review

Lenka

Jankovic

2021

Front. Neurol.

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Tremor is the most commonly encountered movement disorder in clinical practice. A wide range of pathologies may manifest with tremor either as a presenting or predominant symptom. Considering the marked etiological and phenomenological heterogeneity, it would be desirable to develop a classification of tremors that reflects their underlying pathophysiology. The tremor task force of the International Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Society has worked toward this goal and proposed a new classification system. This system has remained a prime topic of scientific communications on tremor in recent times. The new classification is based on two axes: 1. based on the clinical features, history, and tremor characteristics and 2. based on the etiology of tremor. In this article, we discuss the key aspects of the new classification, review various tremor syndromes, highlight some of the controversies in the field of tremor, and share the potential future perspectives.

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Leg stereotypy syndrome: phenomenology and prevalence

Cited by 16 publications

References 18 publications

Co-morbid tics and stereotypies: a systematic literature review

Co-morbid tics and stereotypies: a systematic literature review

Data-Driven Analysis of Patients’ Body Language in Healthcare: A Comprehensive Review

Tremor Syndromes: An Updated Review

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