Leg length discrepancy — an experimental study of compensatory changes in three dimensions using gait analysis

Walsh, Michael; Connolly, Patrick J.; Jenkinson, A.; O’Brien, Tim

doi:10.1016/s0966-6362(00)00067-9

Cited by 150 publications

(130 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…An analysis of both kinematics and kinetics supported the LLD hypothesis. Similar to a study in which shoe wedges induced a LLD (Walsh et al, 2000), the subjects in this study increased Flx of the US-limb, while increasing Ext of the DS-limb. Additionally, the kinetic profiles corresponded to the kinematic changes elicited.…”

Section: Leg Length Discrepancysupporting

confidence: 70%

Gait Dynamics on a Cross-Slope Walking Surface

Dixon

Pearsall

2010

Journal of Applied Biomechanics

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The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of cross-slope on gait dynamics. Ten young adult males walked barefoot along an inclinable walkway. Ground reaction forces (GRFs), lower-limb joint kinematics, global pelvis orientation, functional leg-length, and joint reaction moments (JRMs) were measured. Statistical analyses revealed differences across limbs (up-slope [US] and down-slope [DS]) and inclinations (level; 0°; and cross-sloped, 6°). Adaptations included increases of nearly 300% in mediolateral GRFs (p < .001), functional shortening the US-limb and elongation of the DS-limb (p < .001), reduced step width (p = .024), asymmetrical changes in sagittal kinematics and JRM, and numerous pronounced coronal plane differences including increased US-hip adduction (and adductor moment) and decreased DS-hip adduction (and adductor moment). Data suggests that modest cross-slopes can induce substantial asymmetrical changes in gait dynamics and may represent a physical obstacle to populations with restricted mobility.

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Section: Leg Length Discrepancysupporting

confidence: 70%

Gait Dynamics on a Cross-Slope Walking Surface

Dixon

Pearsall

2010

Journal of Applied Biomechanics

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“…In agreement with the findings of Dixon and Pearsall [5] and Walsh et al [17], on the down-slope side, subjects attempted to increase their functional leg-length by decreasing dorsiflexion during mid-stance and increasing plantar flexion at TO (Table 3, Figure 1g). In addition, decreased knee flexion at TO during IWD was a compensatory mechanism to lengthen the down-slope limb.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Kinematics of Hip, Knee and Ankle During Cross- Slope Walking

Damavandi¹

2015

PTJ

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Purpose: Little information is available on joint kinematic adaptations during walking on crossslope surfaces (i.e. a surface incline perpendicular to the direction of locomotion). This study aimed to evaluate the effects of cross-slope surfaces on three-dimensional (3D) kinematics of hip, knee, and ankle joints during stance phase of walking.Methods: This is a quasi-experimental study. Ten healthy adult male students were selected through available sampling method and walked along an inclinable walkway in both level (0°) and cross-slope (10°) configurations. The 3D angles of hip, knee, and ankle along with their time of occurrence (the time reaching to the maximum values for each specific joint angle) were analyzed using repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) by SPSS 17. P<0.05 was considered significant.Results: Knee and ankle joints had the most kinematic adaptations on cross-slope conditions in the sagittal plane, while in the transverse plane angles of hip and knee joints were mainly altered (P<0.05). These adaptations are necessary to adjust the functional leg-length during different stance phases to both maintain a subtle gait pattern and medio-lateral balance. Though significant differences in timing of the joints kinematic events between level and cross-slope walking were observed (P<0.05), their temporal aspects of the kinematic adaptations were more consistent than their magnitude. Conclusion:The information obtained from this study enriches our understanding about the kinematic adaptations of the lower extremity joints in stance phase during level and cross-slope walking. A B S T R A C T Keywords:Gait, Biomechanics, Kinematics, Lower extremity

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“…Ordinarily, LLI is classified as functional leg length inequality (FLLI) and structural leg length inequality (SLLI) 4) . It is presumed that SLLI arises due to bones of different lengths, but FLLI arises due to contraction of the lower limbs 5) . Lateral pelvic inclination in the saggital plane or pelvic torsion in the coronal plane abducts a leg, and lengthens it.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Pelvic Adjustment on Functional Leg Length Inequality and Foot Pressure

Gong

Park

et al. 2011

J Phys Ther Sci

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Abstract. [Purpose] This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of pelvic adjustment on functional leg length inequality (FLLI) and foot pressure.[Subjects] The study subjects were 40 adults who were healthy but had FLLI of at least 10 mm. Subjects were randomly assigned to two groups, an experimental group (n=20) and a control group (n=20).[Methods] The subjects of the experimental group underwent pelvic adjustment 3 times a week for 4 weeks. A tape-measure was used to measure FLLI, and F-Scan was used to measure the heel pressure difference (HPD) and the 1 st metatarsal pressur difference (MPD). For all subjects, the lengths of both legs were measured before the intervention, and at 2 weeks and 4 weeks after the intervention was started.[Results] Pelvic adjustment was effective at reducing FLLI , HPD and 1 st MPD. HPD and the 1 st MPD were reduced in proportion to the reduction in FLLI . FLLI was effectively reduced after 2 weeks of intervention and the reduction was more remarkable after 4 weeks.[Conclusion] We presume that pelvic adjustment reduces FLLI and foot pressure difference and that foot pressure difference is reduced in proportion to the reduction in FLLI. In conclusion, we consider that pelvic adjustment is suitable for reducing FLLI as well as foot pressure difference.

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Leg length discrepancy — an experimental study of compensatory changes in three dimensions using gait analysis

Cited by 150 publications

References 10 publications

Gait Dynamics on a Cross-Slope Walking Surface

Gait Dynamics on a Cross-Slope Walking Surface

Kinematics of Hip, Knee and Ankle During Cross- Slope Walking

The Influence of Pelvic Adjustment on Functional Leg Length Inequality and Foot Pressure

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