“…Whilst species may evolve physiological and morphological adaptations to the climatic range across which they occur (Blackburn et al., 1999; Nudds & Oswald, 2007; Symonds & Tattersall, 2010; Vanderwerf, 2012), within the species range birds must employ mechanisms that help them maintain their thermal balance under constant temperature fluctuations. The most common behavioural mechanism used by birds in daily thermoregulation is the covering of the uninsulated appendages, the legs and bill, to prevent unwanted heat loss (Brodsky & Weatherhead, 1984; Ryeland, Weston, & Symonds, 2017, 2019). This behaviour occurs more frequently as temperatures decrease and is mediated in part by the species morphology, that is, birds with longer bills and legs must spend more time at low ambient temperatures standing on one leg, tucking the other into the insulating plumage and with the bill back and within the plumage (Ryeland et al., 2017, 2019; Yorzinski et al., 2018).…”