Left Ventricular Structure and Function, Assessed by Imaging and Doppler Echocardiography, in Athletes Engaged in Throwing Events*

Broeke, C. van den; Fagard, Robert

doi:10.1055/s-2007-1025041

Cited by 19 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…8 The results from the current study demonstrated LVH in rats in response to RT. The extent of LVH found in the TR group (12%) was similar to that reported in some human studies involving weight lifters training for no longer than 3 months, 28,29 but smaller than that seen in other studies investigating athletes engaged in this type of exercise for more than 1 year. 8,30 In addition, we have observed in rats that, similarly to humans, RT leads to lower BP while HR remains unchanged.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Cardiovascular Adaptations in Rats Submitted to a Resistance‐training Model

Baraúna

Rosa

et al. 2005

Clin Exp Pharma Physio

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1. The present study sought to evaluate cardiovascular adaptations, such as blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and cardiac hypertrophy, to resistance training (RT) in a rat model. 2. The training protocol consisted of four sets of 10-12 repetitions of the squat exercise performed at 65-75% of one repetition maximum (1RM) over 4 weeks. Animals were randomly divided into three groups: control (n = 8, CO), electrically stimulated (n = 8, ES) and trained (n = 8, TR; also electrically stimulated). Blood pressure and HR were measured by a direct method in conscious rats after the training period. 3. All groups began with similar 1RM and 1RM/bodyweight (BW) ratio, however, at the end of the protocol only the TR group was different from the beginning (56% and 50%, respectively; both P < 0.01). The CO and ES groups had similar values for cardiac chambers weight/BW ratio, HR and diastolic, systolic and mean BP. Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) determined by the left ventricle (LV) weight/BW ratio was increased in the TR group (12%) when compared to CO (P < 0.01) or ES groups (P < 0.01). No changes were found in the weights of the atrium or right ventricle. Diastolic (14%) and mean BP (13%) were lower in the TR group (P < 0.05), whereas systolic BP and HR remained unchanged. 4. Collectively these results demonstrate that the rat RT model used is associated with significant development of cardiac hypertrophy and lowering of resting BP. These cardiovascular adaptations seem to a result of the training exercise and not influenced by stress since circulating catecholamine levels and adrenal gland weights remained unchanged in all groups.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Cardiovascular Adaptations in Rats Submitted to a Resistance‐training Model

Baraúna

Rosa

et al. 2005

Clin Exp Pharma Physio

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“…We could not confirm the findings of Nishimura at al, 9 who found significantly depressed resting systolic LV function in 40-to 49-year-old cyclists, or the findings of Miki et al, 10 who demonstrated a decreased ratio of early to atrial filling velocities in 40-to 60-year-old cyclists. Our findings are, however, in agreement with other previous Doppler echocardiographic studies in cylists [47][48][49][50] and other athletes 43,49,[51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58] that demonstrated normal or enhanced LV function parameters. To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first to use MRI in the assessment of LV systolic and diastolic function in the athlete's heart.…”

Section: Diastolic Functionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Functional and Metabolic Evaluation of the Athlete’s Heart By Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Dobutamine Stress Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

et al. 1998

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Background-The question of whether training-induced left ventricular hypertrophy in athletes is a physiological rather than a pathophysiological phenomenon remains unresolved. The purpose of the present study was to detect any abnormalities in cardiac function in hypertrophic hearts of elite cyclists and to examine the response of myocardial high-energy phosphate metabolism to high workloads induced by atropine-dobutamine stress. Methods and Results-We studied 21 elite cyclists and 12 healthy control subjects. Left ventricular mass, volume, and function were determined by cine MRI. Myocardial high-energy phosphates were examined by 31 P magnetic resonance spectroscopy. There were no significant differences between cyclists and control subjects for left ventricular ejection fraction (59Ϯ5% versus 61Ϯ4%), left ventricular cardiac index (3.4Ϯ0.4 versus 3.4Ϯ0.4 L ⅐ min Ϫ1 ⅐ m Ϫ2 ), peak early filling rate (562Ϯ93 versus 535Ϯ81 mL/s), peak atrial filling rate (315Ϯ93 versus 333Ϯ65 mL/s), ratio of early and atrial filling volumes (3.0Ϯ1.0 versus 2.6Ϯ0.6), mean acceleration gradient of early filling (5.2Ϯ1.4 versus 5.8Ϯ1.9 L/s 2 ), mean deceleration gradient of early filling(Ϫ3.1Ϯ0.9 versus Ϫ3.2Ϯ0.7 L/s

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“…In addition, the increase of fractional shortening on dynamic exercise was not different from controls in long-distance runners (15,24). Other echocardiographic indices of systolic function, such as the peak posterior wall velocity (10,14,18.20.34,35) or the peak velocity of the internal diameter change (10,14,35) were similar in athletes and controls. The data therefore suggest a normal overall left ventricular systolic function in athletes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…cyclists (13,25). weight lifters (29) and throwers (35). The overall evidence suggests therefore that left ventricular diastolic function at rest is similar in athletes and nonathletes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

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Athlete's Heart: A Meta-Analysis of the Echocardiographic Experience

Fagard¹

1996

Int J Sports Med

Self Cite

144

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Meta-analytical techniques were applied to selected echocardiographic reports on athlete's heart. The combined analysis of studies in which competitive long-distance runners were compared to matched nonathletic control subjects, revealed a 10% (p < 0.001) higher left ventricular internal diameter in the runners, an 18% (p < 0.001) thicker wall and an 8% (p < 0.05) greater relative wall thickness. In strength athletes these differences averaged +2.5% (p < 0.01), +15% (p < 0.05) and +12% (p < 0.05), respectively, and in cyclists +9% (p < 0.05), +29% (p < 0.01) and +19% (p <0.05). When compared to their respective controls, left ventricular mass was larger by 64% (p < 0.01) in cyclists, 48% (p < 0.001) in runners and 25% (p < 0.05) in strength athletes. There were no differences in left ventricular systolic or diastolic function at rest. The meta-analysis of longitudinal studies, in which athletes were assessed in active and inactive periods, suggested that at least part of the differences from nonathletes can be ascribed to the training per se. In conclusion, the classification of left ventricular hypertrophy in athletes as eccentric or concentric has to be considered as a relative concept, most likely related to the fact that training regimens and/or sports activities are not exclusively of the dynamic or static type but comprise both components to a variable extent.

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Left Ventricular Structure and Function, Assessed by Imaging and Doppler Echocardiography, in Athletes Engaged in Throwing Events*

Cited by 19 publications

References 23 publications

Cardiovascular Adaptations in Rats Submitted to a Resistance‐training Model

Cardiovascular Adaptations in Rats Submitted to a Resistance‐training Model

Functional and Metabolic Evaluation of the Athlete’s Heart By Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Dobutamine Stress Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Athlete's Heart: A Meta-Analysis of the Echocardiographic Experience

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