Left Temporal Lobe Dysfunction in Schizophrenia

Bruder, Gerard E.; Kayser, Jürgen; Tenke, Craig E.; Amador, Xavier; Friedman, Michelle; Sharif, Zafar; Gorman, Jack M.

doi:10.1001/archpsyc.56.3.267

Cited by 92 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…It still remains to be demonstrated, however, whether the OERP deficits in schizophrenia are specific to olfactory processing or stem from a frontotemporal dysfunction that affects ERPs in multiple modalities. Given our N2-like interpretation of the olfactory N1 sink, its marked reduction in schizophrenia is in striking accordance with ERP evidence documenting profound reductions of N2 amplitudes across processing modalities and paradigms (e.g., Alain, Bernstein, He, Cortese, & Zipursky, 2002; Alain, Cortese, Bernstein, He, & Zipursky, 2001; Bruder et al, 1998, 1999; Kayser et al, 1999, 2001, 2009; O’Donnell et al, 1993; Umbricht, Bates, Lieberman, Kane, & Javitt, 2006). …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Neuronal generator patterns of olfactory event-related brain potentials in schizophrenia

et al. 2010

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To better characterize neurophysiologic processes underlying olfactory dysfunction in schizophrenia, nose–referenced 30–channel electroencephalogram was recorded from 32 patients and 35 healthy adults (18 and 18 male) during detection of hydrogen sulfide (constant-flow olfactometer, 200 ms unirhinal exposure). Event-related potentials (ERPs) were transformed to reference–free current source density (CSD) waveforms and analyzed by unrestricted Varimax–PCA. Participants indicated when they perceived a high (10 ppm) or low (50% dilution) odor concentration. Patients and controls did not differ in detection of high (23% misses) and low (43%) intensities and also had similar olfactory ERP waveforms. CSDs showed a greater bilateral frontotemporal N1 sink (305 ms) and mid-parietal P2 source (630 ms) for high than low intensities. N1 sink and P2 source were markedly reduced in patients for high intensity stimuli, providing further neurophysiological evidence of olfactory dysfunction in schizophrenia.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Neuronal generator patterns of olfactory event-related brain potentials in schizophrenia

et al. 2010

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“…33,48,75 Most importantly, patients and controls showed the expected task-related asymmetries of N2 sinks and P3 sources favoring the right hemisphere for tones but the left hemisphere for syllables, thereby replicating our previous findings using tonal and phonetic oddball tasks in a large sample (n = 66) of schizophrenic patients. 10 Moreover, in the present study, the left-lateralized parietal N2 sink for syllables was even more robust in patients than healthy controls, suggesting preserved categorization of phonemes (i.e., early encoding of linguistic information) in schizophrenia.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

ERP Generator Patterns in Schizophrenia during Tonal and Phonetic Oddball Tasks: Effects of Response Hand and Silent Count

et al. 2010

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Greater left than right reductions of P3 amplitude in schizophrenia during auditory oddball tasks have been interpreted as evidence of left-lateralized dysfunction. However, the contributions of methodological factors (response mode, stimulus properties, recording reference), which affect event-related potential (ERP) topographies, remain unclear. We recorded 31-channel ERPs from 23 schizophrenic patients and 23 age- and gender-matched healthy controls (all right-handed) during tonal and phonetic oddball tasks, varying response mode (left press, right press, silent count) within subjects. Performance accuracy was high in both groups but patients were slower. ERP generator patterns were summarized by temporal Principal Components Analysis (PCA; unrestricted Varimax) from reference-free current source density (CSD; spherical spline Laplacians) waveforms, which sharpen scalp topographies. CSD represents the magnitude of the radial current flow entering (source) and leaving (sink) the scalp. Both patients and controls showed asymmetric frontolateral and parietotemporal N2 sinks peaking at 240 ms and asymmetric parietal P3 sources (355 ms) for targets (tonal R > L, phonetic L > R), but frontocentral N2 sinks and parietal P3 sources were bilaterally reduced in patients. A response-related midfrontal sink and accompanying centroparietal source (560 ms) were highly comparable across groups. However, a superimposed left temporal source was larger for silent count compared to button press, and this difference was smaller in patients. In both groups, left or right press produced opposite, region-specific asymmetries originating from central sites, modulating the N2/P3 complex. The results suggest bilaterally reduced neural generators of N2 and P3 in schizophrenia during auditory oddball tasks, but both groups showed comparable topographic effects of task and response mode. However, additional working memory demands during silent count may partially overlap in time the generation of the N2/P3 complex and differentially affect the asymmetry of P3 subcomponents, particularly when employing conventional ERP measures.

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“…Blindness is also associated with superior performance on tasks of divided attention, such as dichotic listening (Hugdahl et al, 2004), and tasks requiring dividing attention across more than one sensory modality (Kujala et al, 1995). Again, such a pattern of performance contrasts sharply with what has been long been observed in schizophrenia, namely, severely impaired selective and divided auditory attention (Bleuler, 1950; Green et al, 1994; Heinrichs and Zakzanis, 1998; Bruder et al, 1999; Light and Braff, 2005a,b; Scholes and Martin-Iverson, 2010). In short, the improvements in sensory, perceptual, and attentional auditory functioning in C/E blindness represent changes that appear to essentially eliminate the possibility of the development of the set of auditory impairments and their consequences that form an important component of schizophrenia.…”

Section: Domains Of Perceptual and Cognitive Functioning That Are Strmentioning

confidence: 74%

Cognitive and Neuroplasticity Mechanisms by Which Congenital or Early Blindness May Confer a Protective Effect Against Schizophrenia

Silverstein¹,

Wang²,

Keane

2013

Front. Psychology

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Several authors have noted that there are no reported cases of people with schizophrenia who were born blind or who developed blindness shortly after birth, suggesting that congenital or early (C/E) blindness may serve as a protective factor against schizophrenia. By what mechanisms might this effect operate? Here, we hypothesize that C/E blindness offers protection by strengthening cognitive functions whose impairment characterizes schizophrenia, and by constraining cognitive processes that exhibit excessive flexibility in schizophrenia. After briefly summarizing evidence that schizophrenia is fundamentally a cognitive disorder, we review areas of perceptual and cognitive function that are both impaired in the illness and augmented in C/E blindness, as compared to healthy sighted individuals. We next discuss: (1) the role of neuroplasticity in driving these cognitive changes in C/E blindness; (2) evidence that C/E blindness does not confer protective effects against other mental disorders; and (3) evidence that other forms of C/E sensory loss (e.g., deafness) do not reduce the risk of schizophrenia. We conclude by discussing implications of these data for designing cognitive training interventions to reduce schizophrenia-related cognitive impairment, and perhaps to reduce the likelihood of the development of the disorder itself.

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Left Temporal Lobe Dysfunction in Schizophrenia

Cited by 92 publications

References 66 publications

Neuronal generator patterns of olfactory event-related brain potentials in schizophrenia

Neuronal generator patterns of olfactory event-related brain potentials in schizophrenia

ERP Generator Patterns in Schizophrenia during Tonal and Phonetic Oddball Tasks: Effects of Response Hand and Silent Count

Cognitive and Neuroplasticity Mechanisms by Which Congenital or Early Blindness May Confer a Protective Effect Against Schizophrenia

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