“…This gives a nice geometric interpretation to the phase variable s(t), since by the Stokes theorem it represents the net surface area between a straight line connection between (p(0), q(0), s(0)) and (p(t), q(t), s(t)) and the actual horizontal curve connection [0, t] τ → (p(τ ), q(τ ), s(τ )). For details, see [118].…”