Lectures on the diseases of the nervous system, delivered at La Salpêtrière, 2nd ed.

Stroop performance in multiple sclerosis: Information processing, selective attention, or executive functioning?

“…Charcot first observed cognitive slowing as a feature of MS in the nineteenth century (Charcot, 1877). Slowed information processing speed is widely reported in the literature as the primary neuropsychological feature of MS (Achiron et al, 2005;Archibald and Fisk, 2000;Brassington and Marsh, 1998;De Sonneville et al, 2002;DeLuca et al, 2004;Marrie, 2004;Parmenter et al, 2007;Rao et al, 1989;Rao, 1996;Zakzanis, 2000).The neuropathological mechanism is thought to involve widespread cortical and subcortical lesions; total lesion load has been found to be positively correlated with attentional, memory and executive functioning impairments (Hohol et al, 1997;Kieseier et al, 2005;Walker et al, 2001).…”

Parkinson's Disease Therapeutics: New Developments and Challenges Since the Introduction of Levodopa

“…However, the future of this approach is in doubt due to the lack of effectiveness and the appearance of unexpected side effects in large controlled clinical trials (Freed et al, 2001;Olanow et al, 2003). Similar to the general approach, there is significant interest in the use of stem cells 1879 Charcot describes evidence that 'atropine' induces symptomatic relief of parkinsonism Charcot (1879) 1911 First synthesis of D/L Dopa Funk (1911) 1912 First description of Lewy bodies in the brain of Parkinson's disease patients Lewy (1912) 1940 First series of neurosurgeries of the basal ganglia to treat movement disorders Meyers (1940) 1950s First use of synthetic anticholinergic drugs for the treatment of Parkinson's disease Fahn (1989) 1951 First evidence for high concentrations of 'encephalin' (now referred to as dopamine) in the human striatum Raab and Gigee (1951) 1957 First evidence that L-DOPA reverses parkinsonian symptoms in animals treated with reserpine Carlsson et al (1957) 1958 First use of chemical assay to demonstrate high concentrations of dopamine in the brain Carlsson et al (1958) 1960 First evidence for striatal dopamine deficiency in Parkinson's disease Ehringer and Hornykiewicz (1960) 1961 First evidence that low doses of L-DOPA administered 'intravenously' have antiparkinsonian effects Birkmayer and Hornykiewicz (1961) 1962 First evidence that 'oral' low doses of L-DOPA have antiparkinsonian effects Barbeau et al (1962) 1967 First evidence that large oral doses of D,L-Dopa induce marked improvements of parkinsonian symptoms Cotzias et al (1967) 1969 First evidence that amantadine is an effective treatment of PD symptoms Schwab et al (1969) 1974 First evidence that oral D2 dopamine receptor agonist (bromocriptine) has antiparkinsonian effects Calne et al (1974a, b) 1975 First evidence that the MAO-B inhibitor, L-deprenyl, has clinical efficacy in PD Kapp (1992) 1983 First detailed description of MPTP-induced parkinsonism in humans Langston and Ballard Jr (1983) …”

Ambulatory Assessment in Neuropsychology

“…The impact of psychological stress on MS has been implied for some time (Charcot, 1887) and metaanalyses have suggested that stressful life events increase the risk of symptom exacerbation in relapsing remitting MS (Artemiadis, et al, 2011;Mohr, et al, 2004). MS patients also attribute stress with the worsening of symptoms; for example, 78% of 2529 MS patients believed that a high level of stress worsens symptoms generally (Simmons, Ponsonby, van der Mei, & Sheridan, 2004) and 82% of 635 MS patients felt stress increases the severity of their fatigue (Mills & Young, 2008).…”