“…These mixed findings may arise from differences in the populations sampled because student characteristics are known to influence use of capture. For example, research has shown impact of proficiency in the language in which one is taught (Molnar, 2011;Revell, 2013), gender (Williams, Aguilar-Roca, & O'Dowd, 2016) study year (Nordmann, Calder, Bishop, Irwin, & Comber, 2017), academic ability and learning approach (Brady et al, 2013;Newton & McCunn, 2015;Owston, Lupshenyuk, & Wideman, 2011;Vajoczki et al, 2011) on use of lecture capture. It is also likely that the effect of lecture capture on performance differs when students use it to supplement and substitute for attendance at the live lecture, with stronger students being more likely to supplement attendance (Von Konsky, Ivins, & Gribble, 2009) and weaker students more likely to substitute (Vajoczki et al, 2011).…”