Lecons sur la physiologie et la pathologie du système nerveux

Bernard, Claude

doi:10.5962/bhl.title.1789

Cited by 158 publications

(49 citation statements)

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“…More than a hundred years ago, Claude BERNARD [19] reported that section of the dorsal roots impaired movements in the frog and the putty. MoTT and SHERRINGTON [54] repeated the experiment with the monkey and reported that dorsal rhizotomy practically abolished movements of the hand and foot, although movements of proximal joints were less impaired.…”

Section: Function Of Sensory Input To the Motor Cortexmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct and indirect sensory input pathways to the motor cortex; Its structure and function in relation to learning of motor skills.

Asanuma

Mackel

1989

Jpn.J.Physiol

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It is already more than a century since FRITSCH and HITZIG [32] discovered the motor cortex in the dog. The discovery was so sensational that a vast number of experiments were carried out to further elucidate cortical motor function during the following years. In the beginning the effort was focused on delineating the localization of motor function within the motor cortex. Little attention was paid to the sensory input to the motor cortex because suitable techniques for studying it were lacking. With the progress and development of electrophysiological technique, MARSHALL et al.[53] succeeded in demonstrating evoked potentials in the monkey sensory cortex in response to tactile stimulation. Shortly following this report, ADRIAN and MoRuzzi [1] observed increase of impulses in the medullary pyramid in response to sensory stimulation in lightly anesthetized cats. The latter result suggested that sensory impulses which arrived at the motor cortex could have activated pyramidal tract cells although there was still a possibility that these PT cells were located in the sensory cortex. Several decades later, aided by the newly developed closed chamber method, MOUNTCASTLE [55] examined the details of sensory input to the somatic sensory cortex in unanesthetized cats. He found that each neuron receives precise epicritic information arising from a particular part of the body. Shortly after that discovery, BUSER and IMBERT [22] and BROOKS et al. [21] reported similar results in the cat motor cortex.We subsequently have found that there is a tight coupling between the afferent input to and the efferent outflow from the motor cortex in the cat [8]. In the monkey, however, the results were controversial. While POWELL and MOUNTCASTLE [65] demonstrated that the sensory cortex receives finely grained epicritic input, others [2,29] reported that this was not the case for the motor cortex. It was reported that the motor cortex receives input mainly from deep receptors, and not the well-localized tactile input which impinges onto the sensory cortex. These early findings differed from our own observations. We found that the monkey motor cortex also receives precise epicritic input from the periphery and that the inputoutput relationship in motor cortical neurons was precisely organized [57, 67]. From

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Section: Function Of Sensory Input To the Motor Cortexmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct and indirect sensory input pathways to the motor cortex; Its structure and function in relation to learning of motor skills.

Asanuma

Mackel

1989

Jpn.J.Physiol

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“…In 1869, the Swiss ophthalmologist Johann Friedrich Horner contributed important confirmatory clinical findings. This association gave origin to a well-known clinical condition, the Claude Bernard-Horner syndrome, which was shortened to the Horner's syndrome (Bernard 1858;Horner 1869). The Horner's syndrome is generally associated with a structural lesion in the cervical sympathetic nervous chain (autonomic nervous system), and its main clinical signs are upper eyelid ptosis, miosis, enophthalmos and anhydrosis on the face ipsilaterally to the lesion (Myles and Maxner 1994;Walton and Buono 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The human superior tarsal muscle (Müller’s muscle): a morphological classification with surgical correlations

et al. 2009

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The superior tarsal muscle (STM) is a smooth muscle that originates from the undersurface of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle (LPSM) and inserts onto the superior tarsal plate (STP) of the upper eyelid. We have performed a morphometrical investigation of the STM in 49 adult human cadavers (34 males, 15 females). Histological analysis has shown a transitional area between the skeletal striated muscle (LPSM) and the adjacent smooth muscle (STM). We propose an original morphological classification based upon the attachment of STM to the upper border of the STP. Accordingly, we describe four patterns of STM. Pattern 1 (P1) consists of STM attachment to the central portion of the STP. Pattern 2 consists of both medial (P2M) STM attachment to both the central and medial regions of the STP and lateral (P2L) STM attachment to both the central and lateral regions of the STP. Pattern 3 (P3) consists of STM attachment along the whole extent of the STP. Pattern 3 was the most frequently observed pattern (63.27%) followed by patterns P2M (24.49%), P2L (8.16%) and P1 (4.08%). P3 was the predominant pattern in males (73.52%), while in females, both patterns P2M (46.66%) and P3 (40.00%) were equally prevalent. The analysis of paired specimens revealed a symmetrical arrangement in 72.20% of all cases, with the remaining cases (27.80%) displaying left-right STM asymmetries. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first description of the STM asymmetries in the medical literature. This innovative classification provides anatomical parameters for interpreting morphological variations of the STM with relevant applications in both plastic surgery and ophthalmology.

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“…The central nervous system (CNS) 1 plays an important role in sensing glucopenia and triggering counterregulatory hormone release during hypoglycemia. (1)(2)(3).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Local ventromedial hypothalamus glucose perfusion blocks counterregulation during systemic hypoglycemia in awake rats.

Borg¹,

Sherwin²,

Borg³

et al. 1997

J. Clin. Invest.

338

267

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The ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH) is necessary for the integrated hormonal response to hypoglycemia. To determine the role of the VMH as a glucose sensor, we performed experiments designed to specifically prevent glucopenia in the VMH, while producing hypoglycemia elsewhere. We used awake chronically catheterized rats, in which local VMH glucose perfusion (100 mM or 15 mM of D-glucose) was combined with a sequential euglycemichypoglycemic clamp. In two control groups the VMH was perfused either with ( a) an iso-osmotic solution lacking glucose, or with ( b ) nonmetabolizable L-glucose (100 mM). During systemic hypoglycemia glucagon and catecholamine concentrations promptly increased in the control animals perfused with either 100 mM L-glucose or the iso-osmotic solution lacking glucose. In contrast, glucagon, epinephrine and norepinephrine release was inhibited in the animals in which the VMH was perfused with D-glucose; hormonal secretion was partially suppressed by the VMH perfusion with 15 mM D-glucose and suppressed by ‫ف‬ 85% when the VMH was perfused with 100 mM D-glucose, as compared with the control groups. We conclude that the VMH must sense hypoglycemia for full activation of catecholamine and glucagon secretion and that it is a key glucose sensor for hypoglycemic counterregulation. ( J. Clin. Invest. 1997. 99:361-365.)

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Lecons sur la physiologie et la pathologie du système nerveux

Cited by 158 publications

References 0 publications

Direct and indirect sensory input pathways to the motor cortex; Its structure and function in relation to learning of motor skills.

Direct and indirect sensory input pathways to the motor cortex; Its structure and function in relation to learning of motor skills.

The human superior tarsal muscle (Müller’s muscle): a morphological classification with surgical correlations

Local ventromedial hypothalamus glucose perfusion blocks counterregulation during systemic hypoglycemia in awake rats.

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