Least-Cost Climatic Stabilization

Lovins, and A B; Lovins, L. Hunter

doi:10.1146/annurev.eg.16.110191.002245

Cited by 100 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…It will also conserve high-quality oil and gas reserves for later generations. Energy demand projections are much lower than official ones and have to be met to a large extent with non-fossil sources (Lovins and Lovins, 1991). There will be a preference for decentralized and clean technologies, and therefore a natural tendency to focus on energy end-use needs and efficiency (Johansson et al, 1989).…”

Section: Perspectives and Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The battle of perspectives: a multi-agent model with adaptive responses to climate change

Janssen

Vries

1998

Ecological Economics

123

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To evaluate possible futures with regard to economy, energy and climate, a multi-agent modelling approach is used. Agents hold different perspectives on how the world functions (worldview) and how it should be managed (management style) and this is implemented in a simple dynamic model of the economy-energy-climate system. Each perspective is supported by a proportion of the agents, but this proportion changes in response to observations about the real world. In this way the totality of agents learn from their observations. It is concluded that this approach is a good illustration of how adaptive behavior can be included in global change modelling. Some exploratory experiments are done to address the consequences of surprises.

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Section: Perspectives and Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The battle of perspectives: a multi-agent model with adaptive responses to climate change

Janssen

Vries

1998

Ecological Economics

123

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“…Labeling a house "low-energy" because it includes several more efficient components gives builders little incentive to include additional conservation measures which are cost-effective but invisible. Also it fails to take account of synergisms, that is, possible increases in efficiency or decreases in costs due to interactions between a building's systems (Lovins and Lovins 1991). We have seen such effects in houses in our compilation.…”

Section: Every Actor Views Low Energy Differentlymentioning

confidence: 96%

What is a low-energy house and who cares?

Litt¹,

Meier²

1994

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Traditionally, a "low-energy" house has been one that used little energy for space heating. But space heating typically accounts for less than half of the energy used by new U.S. homes, and for low heating energy homes, space heating is often the third largest end use, behind water heating and appliances, and sometimes behind cooling. Low space heat done m o t identify a lowenergy house. To better understand the detenninants of a lowenergy house, we collected data on housing characteristics, incremental costs, and energy measurements from energy-efficient houses around the world and in a range of climates. We compare the energy required to provide thermal comfort as well as water heating, and other appliances.We do not have a single definition of a low-energy house, but through comparisons of actual buildings, we show how different definitions and quantitative indicators fail. In comparing the energy use of whole houses, weather normalization can be important, but for cases in which heating or cooling energy is surpassed by other end uses, other normalization methods must be used.

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“…(Szargut and Morris,1987;Wall, 1988). Other stales have shown that considerable energy efficiency improvement can be realized (technically and economically) in the short term (1Oto 15 years) with available technologies (Nakicenovic, 1993;Lovins and Lovins, 1991;WEC, 1995% Worrell et al, 1997b.…”

Section: Energy Intensity Trendsmentioning

confidence: 99%