Learning theory and behavior.

Mowrer, O. Hobart

doi:10.1037/10802-000

Cited by 1,717 publications

(712 citation statements)

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“…Since the two-factor theory was proposed (Mowrer, 1960), the interaction of classical and operant conditioning is seen as one key factor in the development of avoidance behavior. Results of this study provided first evidence for such a mechanism in the development of avoidant decisions.…”

Section: Impact Of Fear Conditioning On Subsequent Approach-avoidancementioning

confidence: 99%

Acquisition of behavioral avoidance: Task-irrelevant conditioned stimuli trigger costly decisions.

Pittig¹,

Schulz²,

Craske³

et al. 2014

Journal of Abnormal Psychology

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Individuals avoid stimuli which are associated with aversive experience to preserve safety. However, behavioral avoidance also causes impairments and prevents the individual from attaining positive rewards. Little is known about the link between fear acquisition and the development of behavioral avoidance in the presence of potential rewards. Therefore, two experiments investigated the impact of fear conditioning on a subsequent gambling task. In an experimental group (n ϭ 30) advantageous choices (higher reward probability) were linked to a fear-relevant stimulus that was associated with an aversive unconditioned stimulus (US) during fear conditioning (conditioned stimulus, CSϩ). A disadvantageous choice (lower reward probability) was, however, linked to a safe stimulus that was never associated with the US (CSϪ). In a control group (n ϭ 25), fear conditioning was followed by a similar gambling task with novel stimuli. A second experiment focused on individual predictors of avoidant decisions (n ϭ 81). Compared with the control group, individuals in the experimental groups avoided the advantageous CS ϩ choice despite fewer gains. The predictor analysis further clarified that avoidant decisions were pronounced in highly trait anxious participants who exhibited higher fear responses. On the other hand, findings also indicated a reduction in absolute avoidance across the task. Combined, these findings demonstrate that fear conditioning can lead to avoidant decision making, especially in vulnerable individuals. The resulting costs parallel impairments caused by behavioral avoidance. Such an emotional decision-making style may be a link between aversive experience and the development of habitual pathological avoidance. Introducing rewards for approach, however, may counteract avoidant decisions.

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Section: Impact Of Fear Conditioning On Subsequent Approach-avoidancementioning

confidence: 99%

Acquisition of behavioral avoidance: Task-irrelevant conditioned stimuli trigger costly decisions.

Pittig¹,

Schulz²,

Craske³

et al. 2014

Journal of Abnormal Psychology

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“…This initiates an operant conditioning mechanism which may lead to progressive avoidance behavior, that is, phobic reactions. 21 …”

Section: Relation Between Implantable Cardioverter/defibrillator Shocmentioning

confidence: 99%

Panic disorders and agoraphobia: Side effects of treatment with an implantable cardioverter/defibrillator

Godemann

Butter

Lampe

et al. 2004

Clinical Cardiology

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SummaryBackground: Implantable cardioverter/defibrillator (ICD) treatment has reduced the mortality of patients with a high risk of sudden cardiac death. However, ICD discharges may cause anxiety with respect to new discharges and lead to preventive, for example, phobic, behavior. This study evaluated the frequency of panic disorders and agoraphobia in patients with ICD and assessed the risk factors in their development.Hypothesis: Treatment with ICD represents a risk factor in the development of anxiety disorders.Methods: Ninety patients with ICD were examined using a standardized lifetime Diagnostic Interview of Psychiatric Syndromes (DIPS). This interview makes it possible to estimate the incidence of panic disorders and agoraphobia. The impact of the severity of the underlying cardiac disease, the number of ICD discharges, and the subjective appraisal of the shock experience on the development of panic disorders and agoraphobia was assessed.Results: Fifteen patients (16.7%) developed anxiety disorders after ICD implantation. The incidence was 21% in patients with and 6.9% in patients without ICD discharge. In patients with two or more ICD discharges annually, the incidence of panic disorders and agoraphobia was higher than

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“…According to Mowrer (1960) the fear component of the total reaction to a negative reinforcer (punishment) may become classically conditioned to contemporaneous response-correlated stimuli of the punished act. Therefore, when the act is later begun, initial response-correlated stimulation may elicit fear, a complex intervening emotion.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Passive avoidance and strain differences associated with differences in emotionality: A test of Mowrer’s theory

Carran

1967

Psychon Sci

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Learning theory and behavior.

Cited by 1,717 publications

References 0 publications

Acquisition of behavioral avoidance: Task-irrelevant conditioned stimuli trigger costly decisions.

Acquisition of behavioral avoidance: Task-irrelevant conditioned stimuli trigger costly decisions.

Panic disorders and agoraphobia: Side effects of treatment with an implantable cardioverter/defibrillator

Passive avoidance and strain differences associated with differences in emotionality: A test of Mowrer’s theory

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