Learning of Visceral and Glandular Responses

Miller, Neal E.

doi:10.1126/science.163.3866.434

Cited by 698 publications

(213 citation statements)

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“…During the 1950s and 1960s, inspired by behaviorists ideas, Neal Miller, a researcher at Yale, proposed that it was possible to teach animals and humans to gain control of their autonomic functions [23]. The first experiments investigating classical conditioning of brain electrical activity dates back to the 1930s [24], but therapeutic applications were introduced several years later.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence-Based Information on the Clinical Use of Neurofeedback for ADHD

et al. 2012

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Summary Neurofeedback (NF) is a training to enhance selfregulatory capacity over brain activity patterns and consequently over brain mental states. Recent findings suggest that NF is a promising alternative for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We comprehensively reviewed literature searching for studies on the effectiveness and specificity of NF for the treatment of ADHD. In addition, clinically informative evidence-based data are discussed. We found 3 systematic review on the use of NF for ADHD and 6 randomized controlled trials that have not been included in these reviews. Most nonrandomized controlled trials found positive results with medium-to-large effect sizes, but the evidence for effectiveness are less robust when only randomized controlled studies are considered. The direct comparison of NF and sham-NF in 3 published studies have found no group differences, nevertheless methodological caveats, such as the quality of the training protocol used, sample size, and sample selection may have contributed to the negative results. Further data on specificity comes from electrophysiological studies reporting that NF effectively changes brain activity patterns. No safety issues have emerged from clinical trials and NF seems to be well tolerated and accepted. Follow-up studies support long-term effects of NF. Currently there is no available data to guide clinicians on the predictors of response to NF and on optimal treatment protocol. In conclusion, NF is a valid option for the treatment for ADHD, but further evidence is required to guide its use.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence-Based Information on the Clinical Use of Neurofeedback for ADHD

et al. 2012

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“…Classical conditioning of salivation has been extensively studied in mammals, especially in dogs (Pavlov, 1927;Miller, 1969;Harris and Brady, 1974) not been reported in any non-mammalian species. In insects such as cockroaches and locusts, secretion of saliva is controlled by salivary neurones of the SOG (Whitehead, 1973;Smith and House, 1977;House and Smith, 1978;).…”

Section: Major Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Classical conditioning of activities of salivary neurones in the cockroach

Watanabe

Mizunami

2006

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARY Secretion of saliva to aid swallowing and digestion is a basic physiological function found in many vertebrates and invertebrates. For mammals, classical conditioning of salivation in dogs was reported by Pavlov a century ago. However, conditioning of salivation or of related neural activities in non-mammalian species has not been reported. In many species of insects, salivation is regulated by salivary neurones. In this study, we found that salivary neurones of the cockroach Periplaneta americanaexhibited a strong response to sucrose solution applied to the mouth and a weak response to odours applied to an antenna, and we studied the effect of conditioning on the activities of salivary neurones. After three sets of differential conditioning trials in which an odour was presented just before the presentation of sucrose solution and the other odour was presented alone,the response of salivary neurones to sucrose-associated odour significantly increased but that to the odour presented alone was unchanged. Backward pairing trials in which an odour was presented after the presentation of sucrose solution were not effective in achieving conditioning. Our study of the change in the level of saliva secretion in response to electrical stimulation of salivary neurones suggested that the magnitude of increase in odour response of salivary neurones by conditioning is sufficient to lead to an increased level of salivation. This study suggests classical conditioning of salivation in an insect.

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“…As a result of this contingency the frequency of the reinforced behavior is modified. This phenomenon, known as the "law of effect" (Thorndike, 1933), provided evidence that the nervous system has mechanisms by which a particular motor output can be selected from among many different behaviors that may be expressed.Rhythmic motor acts such as locomotion, feeding, respiration, and heart rate can be modified by operant conditioning (Skinner, 1938;Miller, 1969;Cook and C arew, 1986;Susswein et al, 1986;Jaeger et al, 1987; L ukowiak et al, 1996). It is believed generally that rhythmic motor acts are mediated by groups of neurons referred to as central pattern generators (C PGs;Delcomyn, 1980;Selverston and Moulins, 1985).…”

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confidence: 99%

Contingent-Dependent Enhancement of Rhythmic Motor Patterns: AnIn VitroAnalog of Operant Conditioning

Nargeot¹,

Baxter²,

Byrne³

1997

J. Neurosci.

111

183

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Operant conditioning is characterized by the contingent reinforcement of a designated behavior. Previously, feeding behavior in Aplysia has been demonstrated to be modified by operant conditioning, and a neural pathway (esophageal nerve; E n.) that mediates some aspects of reinforcement has been identified. As a first step toward a cellular analysis of operant conditioning, we developed an in vitro buccal ganglia preparation that expressed the essential features of operant conditioning. Motor patterns that represented at least two different aspects of fictive feeding (i.e., ingestion-like and rejection-like motor patterns) were elicited by tonic stimulation of a peripheral buccal nerve (n.2,3). Three groups of preparations were examined. In a contingent-reinforcement group, stimulation of E n. was contingent on the expression of a specific type of motor pattern (i.e., either ingestion-like or rejection-like). In a yoke-control group, stimulation of E n. was not contingent on any specific pattern. In a control group, E n. was not stimulated. The frequency of the reinforced pattern increased significantly only in the contingent-reinforcement group. No changes were observed in nonreinforced patterns or in the motor patterns of the control and yoke-control groups. Contingent reinforcement of the ingestion-like pattern was associated with an enhancement of activity in motor neuron B8, and this enhancement was specific to the reinforced pattern. These results suggest that the isolated buccal ganglia expressed an essential feature of operant conditioning (i.e., contingent reinforcement modified a designated operant) and that this analog of operant conditioning is accessible to cellular analysis. Key words: buccal ganglia; Aplysia californica; central pattern generator; operant conditioning; learning and memory; contingent reinforcementOperant conditioning, which was introduced by Thorndike (1911), is an example of associative learning in which an association is established between a specific behavior (the operant) and a stimulus (the reinforcement). A key feature of operant conditioning is the contingency of the reinforcement (i.e., the correlation between the expression of a designated operant behavior and the delivery of a reinforcement; Skinner, 1938;Konorski, 1948). As a result of this contingency the frequency of the reinforced behavior is modified. This phenomenon, known as the "law of effect" (Thorndike, 1933), provided evidence that the nervous system has mechanisms by which a particular motor output can be selected from among many different behaviors that may be expressed.Rhythmic motor acts such as locomotion, feeding, respiration, and heart rate can be modified by operant conditioning (Skinner, 1938;Miller, 1969;Cook and C arew, 1986;Susswein et al., 1986;Jaeger et al., 1987; L ukowiak et al., 1996). It is believed generally that rhythmic motor acts are mediated by groups of neurons referred to as central pattern generators (C PGs;Delcomyn, 1980;Selverston and Moulins, 1985). C PGs are multif unctional netwo...

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Learning of Visceral and Glandular Responses

Cited by 698 publications

References 23 publications

Evidence-Based Information on the Clinical Use of Neurofeedback for ADHD

Evidence-Based Information on the Clinical Use of Neurofeedback for ADHD

Classical conditioning of activities of salivary neurones in the cockroach

Contingent-Dependent Enhancement of Rhythmic Motor Patterns: AnIn VitroAnalog of Operant Conditioning

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