This paper examines the relevance of both an efficiency-based network strategy and a learningbased network strategy in the context of inter-firm partnering. The effect of these different forms of network behaviour on company performance is analysed for companies in the international computer industry. Strategies associated with learning through so-called exploratory networks appear to generate a greater impact on technological performance in a dynamic environment than efficiency strategies through exploitative networks.(Networks, learning, technological performance) 1
INTRODUCTIONThe objective of this paper is to evaluate different network strategies that can guide companies in setting up network-ties with other companies through which they gain access to information that enables them to achieve higher performance than other network players. This particular perspective follows some recent developments in academic work on networks (Burt 1992a and b;Freeman, 1979;Powell, Koput and Smith-Doerr, 1996;Walker, Kogut and Shan, 1997) where the attention paid to the strategic behaviour of network players coincides with a refocusing of research from the traditional laboratory setting or a purely theoretical approach to empirical research. This increase of empirical network analysis particularly affects the current management and organization literature that focuses on the effect of both intra-and intercompany networks on company performance. According to some, the practical and strategic implications of recent empirical network analysis might even go as far as offering $... a manual for those wishing to optimize their instrumental networks ...# (Andrews, 1995, p. 355) in a concrete business setting.In the following we will refer to two different network analytical approaches where either efficiency or learning is placed in the context of strategic players who are using networks in which they operate to improve their own performance vis à vis other players. The expected higher performance of strategic players, then, is linked to their ability to access information about rewarding opportunities, applying a network strategy that is based on either maximum efficiency in setting up network-ties or based on learning through multiple contacts with a number of companies.
1One of the practical implications of our critical evaluation of modern network analysis 2 is that we will qualify some of its instrumentalist and concrete suggestions. In our opinion, concrete advice based on applied network analysis in a market environment can easily lead to some misleading suggestions for the network strategies of companies, unless proper attention is paid to the environmental and behavioural conditions of networks. The main point we are making below is that in a dynamic environment, efficiency behaviour, which might pay off in a static environment, will lose its purpose. Strict maximizing rules for the efficiency of networks, for instance with a preference for so-called non-redundant contacts, might be rational in a static environment, but ...