“…While learning in the workplace has been considered as a vital process for organizations and their staff to adapt to changes (Salas et al , 2012), providing staff with formal TPD programs could be extremely challenging for small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) (Hoque and Bacon, 2008; Kotey and Folker, 2007), thereby explaining the dominance of informal learning in SMEs (Pauli, 2020). The existing literature on TPD in SMEs is still limited (Cardon and Valentin, 2017; Nolan and Garavan, 2016; Short, 2019; Short and Gray, 2018; Tam and Gray, 2016). However, some studies have shown that introducing formal training in SMEs is important and can validate and improve SMEs’ performance (Huang, 2001; Hamid, 2017).…”