Learning in children.

Abstract

Read from right to left. At the end of a control period of variable duration, a bueser 6 was sounded' for 6 seconds, the conditioning period. At the end of this period, the nipple was placed In the infant's mouth and the buzzer continued for another 16 seconds, b A m. The lower line in each part of the figure is a record of tracking activity. It was obtained by meant of a chin harness attached to the pen of a polygraph. A.

Cognitive learning in infancy and early childhood.

“…There already are available surveys of simple abilities of this kind (e.g., Gibson, 1953;Munn, 1954;Wohlwill, 1960). We need only add here that many perceptual abilities, such as those involving discrimination of light, sound, color, form, depth, and size constancy are reported to be well established by 3-4 years of age, often before.…”

“…This flattening may have been because teaching methods appear to have been more suitable to the motivations of the older children. Munn (1954) in his review of motor skills states that this has too often been the case. Munn found little or no evidence that learning ability (which he defined as the rate of learning) is greater at older ages, only that the younger start at a lower level.…”

“…Unfortunately, these processes often have been treated as if they were isolated unitary categories of functioning (cf. Gibson, 1953;Gibson & Gibson, 1955;Jones, 1954;Munn, 1954;Vinacke, 1951;Wohlwill, 1960).…”

A preface to a psychological analysis of the self.

“…Baldwin esses. 8 Available data indicate that delay, followed by responses indicating memory, is not more than one minute in the 10-11-month-old child (23). At 6-8 months, time-binding is probably much less.…”

“…In the larger work to be published later, the several substructures are described more systematically and in greater detail. Available data indicate that CR'swhich may be regarded as the most rudimentary type of inferential behavior-while possible, are difficult to establish during the first month and are easily extinguished (23). The first perceptual organization of the infant is probably in relation to the modes of restoring homeostatic balance at the physiological level.…”