Learning from the COVID-19 pandemic to strengthen routine immunization systems

Causey, Kate; Mosser, Jonathan F.

doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003934

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…A similar trend of reduced coverage was also observed in November 2019, prior to the commencement of the lockdown. These findings conform with many previous reports where a reduction in the vaccination coverage and decline in the total number of vaccines administered was recorded following the COVID-19 outbreak (Lassi et al, 2021;Causeyid & Mosserid, 2022;;Shet et al, 2022). Also, the vaccination coverage rates for all the vaccine types dropped significantly, with Penta-3 being the vaccine with the highest decline with 27%, followed by Penta-2 at 11%, and then measles with 10%.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Backsliding on Childhood Immunizations Due to Ongoing Covid-19 Pandemic: A Retrospective Study in Banadir Region, Somalia

Fartun Abdullahi H,

Kadra Hassan,

Iftin Abdi Nor

et al. 2023

Afr. J. Infect. Dis.

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Background: SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in a global public health crisis. During the pandemic, considerable delay was observed making it impossible for some children to receive their due vaccines on time. Like most resource-poor countries, COVID-19 pandemic is thought to have a negative impact on Somalia’s immunization coverage. Materials and methods: This study aimed to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on routine childhood immunization coverage in Somalia. A retrospective comparative cross-sectional approach was employed to investigate the number of under-5-year children who got their immunization from the two major mother and child hospital, (Banadir and SOS hospitals) in Mogadishu, Somalia from October 2019 to December 2020. To do this, a total of 112, 060 data relating to the routine childhood immunization (measles, polio, whooping cough, hepatitis B, pneumonia, and tuberculosis) were collected from the monthly immunization report-data from the two hospitals. Results: The results showed that all the vaccines except birth vaccines have remarkably dropped with Penta-3 (27%), Penta-2 (11%), measles (10%) and Penta-1 (8%) respectively. However, the birth vaccines (BCG and Polio 0) were not affected as observed in this study. The reduction in children immunization rate in Somalia may be a combination of many other factors, we however recognize that the COVID-19 pandemic may have contributed significantly to this outcome. Conclusion: The government needed to take proactive measures to encourage parents to present their children for immunizations, including increasing community awareness concerning the importance of these routine childhood immunizations despite the ongoing COVID-19 pandemics.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Backsliding on Childhood Immunizations Due to Ongoing Covid-19 Pandemic: A Retrospective Study in Banadir Region, Somalia

Fartun Abdullahi H,

Kadra Hassan,

Iftin Abdi Nor

et al. 2023

Afr. J. Infect. Dis.

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“…During the pandemic, several supply-side limitations, such as delayed shipments of vaccines and supplies, staff shortages, and delayed or canceled campaigns and vaccine introduction, have threatened vaccine deliveries [8] . In contrast to available data from other countries worldwide, India has successfully rolled out PCV to the entire nation during the ongoing pandemic in a record span of around 7 months [9] . Hence, it is crucial to pinpoint the critical factors that contributed to a successful scale-up of PCV in the entire nation despite the health system struggling with an ongoing pandemic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…Despite delays, many countries were also able to implement vaccination campaigns in 2020. All these examples point toward one common factor-a quick response from the leaders to meet the unique challenges posed by the pandemic and associated restrictions [9] .…”

Section: Leadership Political Commitment and Prioritizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical factors in the successful expansion of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in India during the COVID-19 pandemic

Koshal¹,

Ray²,

Hora³

et al. 2023

Vaccine: X

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“…Given that resources are always scarce, optimizing of available resources allows more children to be immunized with these limited resources, ultimately improving coverage. The need to optimize resources has been further highlighted in the aftermath of disruption of global supply chains and reduced demand for routine immunization during the COVID-19 pandemic [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimizing immunization services: A Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) of child immunization facilities in Pakistan

Ahmad,

Ibrahim,

Naz

et al. 2024

PLoS ONE

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Introduction Child immunization, though cost-beneficial, experiences varying costs influenced by individual facility-level factors. A real-time solution is to optimize resources and enhance vaccination services through proper method to measure immunization facility efficiency using existing data. Additionally, examine the impact of COVID-19 on facility efficiency, with the primary goal of comprehensively assessing child immunization facility efficiency in Pakistan. Methods Utilizing survey data collected in four rounds from May 2018 to December 2020, the research focuses on doses administered and stock records for the preceding six months in each phase. In the initial stage, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is utilized to compute facility efficiency, employing two models with varied outputs while maintaining consistent inputs. Model 1 assesses doses administered, encompassing three outputs (pentavalent vaccine 1, 2, and 3). Meanwhile, Model 2, focuses on stock used featuring a single output (total doses used). The inputs considered in both models include stock availability, staff members, cold chain equipment, vaccine carriers, and vaccine sessions. The second stage involves the application of two competing regression specifications (Tobit and Simar-Wilson) to explore the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and external factors on the efficiency of these facilities. Results In 12 districts across Punjab and Sindh, we assess 466 facilities in Model 1 and 455 in Model 2. Model 1 shows 59% efficiency, and Model 2 shows 70%, indicating excess stock. Stock of vaccines need to be reduced by from 36% to 43%. In the stage, COVID-19 period reduced efficiency in Model 1 by 10%, however, insignificant in Model 2. Conclusions The proposed methodology, utilizing DEA, emerges as a valuable tool for immunization facilities seeking to improve resource utilization and overall efficiency. Model 1, focusing on doses administered indicates facilities low efficiency at average 59% and proves more pertinent for efficiency analysis as it directly correlates with the number of children vaccinated. The prevalent issue of overstocking across all facilities significantly impacts efficiency. This study underscores the critical importance of optimizing resources through the redistribution of excess stock with low efficiency.

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Learning from the COVID-19 pandemic to strengthen routine immunization systems

Cited by 6 publications

References 5 publications

Backsliding on Childhood Immunizations Due to Ongoing Covid-19 Pandemic: A Retrospective Study in Banadir Region, Somalia

Backsliding on Childhood Immunizations Due to Ongoing Covid-19 Pandemic: A Retrospective Study in Banadir Region, Somalia

Critical factors in the successful expansion of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in India during the COVID-19 pandemic

Optimizing immunization services: A Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) of child immunization facilities in Pakistan

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