The present paper is based on the Winifred Raphael Memorial Lecture, presented at the Royal College of Nursing Annual Congress, 2002. It explores the rhetoric surrounding evidence‐based practice by examining different sources of evidence in the form of research evidence, professional expertise and patient preference, and by considering models of research utilization. A case study approach is then taken to describing how the principles underpinning the rhetoric were translated into evidence‐based practice initiatives in a large acute hospital. It is concluded that nursing needs to be cautious about taking its lead from medicine in moving forward the evidence‐based practice agenda. Rather, nurses need to be prepared to think beyond the traditional notions of evidence‐based medicine and direct research utilization, and to develop strategies for evidence‐based practice located in the real world of nursing practice. It is only through being creative that the rhetoric of evidence‐based practice will become real. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.