Learning Disabilities and the Vestibular System

Ayres, A. Jean

doi:10.1177/002221947801100104

Cited by 135 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Comparable results were described by Hirabayashi and Iwasaki (1995), who considered hyperactivity to be a responsible factor for maturational slowness in posture control seen in young males. Ayres (1978) found that the sensory system is not only important for balance control but also for higher central nervous functions, like attention and cognition, in conjunction with the vestibular system. Hirabayashi and Iwasaki supposed that delayed vestibular development could play a significant role in children with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder.…”

Section: Differences In Standing Stability In Relation To Sexmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of age and sex on maturation of sensory systems and balance control

Steindl¹,

Kunz²,

Schrott‐Fischer

et al. 2007

Developmental Medicine &Amp; Child Neurology

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Maintenance of postural balance requires an active sensorimotor control system. Current data are limited and sometimes conflicting regarding the influence of the proprioceptive, visual, and vestibular afferent systems on posture control in children. This study investigated the development of sensory organization according to each sensory component in relation to age and sex. A total of 140 children (70 males, 70 females; mean age 10y [SD 4y]; age range 3y 5mo-16y 2mo) and 20 adults (10 males, 10 females; mean age 30y 6mo [SD 8y 4mo]; age range 17y 2mo-49y 1mo) were examined using the Sensory Organization Test. Participants were tested in three visual conditions (eyes open, blindfolded, and sway-referenced visual enclosure) while standing on either a fixed or a sway-referenced force platform. Mean equilibrium scores for the six balance conditions showed rapid increases and maturation ceiling levels for age-related development of the sensorimotor control system. Proprioceptive function seemed to mature at 3 to 4 years of age. Visual and vestibular afferent systems reached adult level at 15 to 16 years of age, revealing differences between young males and females. Characterizing balance impairments can contribute to the diagnostic evaluation of neuromotor disorders.Maintenance of postural balance requires an active sensorimotor control system. Afferent information from the proprioceptive, visual, and vestibular systems, as well as from the cognitive system, is integrated and evaluated to generate motor responses that keep the body inside its limits of stability , Black et al. 1983, Black 1985.In adults, the sensory systems are well organized and act in a context-specific way (Shumway-Cook and Woollacott 1985). In children, however, the sensory systems are not completely developed, although their anatomical structures are detectable and mature early in life (Ornitz 1983). The three afferent sensory systems (proprioceptive, visual, and vestibular) develop more slowly than the hierarchically lower automatic motor processes that mature early in childhood (Forssberg and Nashner 1982).Although there is limited data on the influence of proprioceptive, visual, and vestibular afferent systems on posture control in children, several studies have been conducted on the development of sensory organization. Brandt et al. (1976) and Hirabayashi and Iwasaki (1995) reported that development and calibration of the three sensory subsystems occur sequentially. When evaluating the proprioceptive system, Riach and Hayes (1987) and Aust (1996) reported that the Romberg quotient, a measure of somotosensory function, increased to adult values by 9 to 11 or 12 years of age. In contrast, Hirabayashi and Iwasaki (1995) found that maturation of the proprioceptive function occurred by approximately 3 to 4 years of age. The visual influence on standing stability is reported to be established at adult levels by the age of 15 years, whereas the vestibular system is still developing at that age (Hirabayashi and Iwasaki 1995, Aust 1996).Investigat...

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Section: Differences In Standing Stability In Relation To Sexmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of age and sex on maturation of sensory systems and balance control

Steindl¹,

Kunz²,

Schrott‐Fischer

et al. 2007

Developmental Medicine &Amp; Child Neurology

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“…All university students were approved in the final evaluation. The academic performance of students with or without vertigo or other kinds of dizziness and/or imbalance when walking was similar, in contrast to what was reported in children [8][9][10] . It was possible to assume that the university students reached a developmental phase in which neurotological disorders do not interfere with learning.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 51%

“…These children may position the head in an unusual way when writing, may experience spatial disorientation or distorted sensations of size and the body weight and can cause inability of practicing some physical exercises 7 . Vertigo and other kinds of dizziness of vestibular origin may interfere in the psychological behavior and school performance as well [8][9][10] . Vestibular dysfunction in childhood may significantly affect communication; low academic performance can be a valuable index of possible labyrinthopathy 10 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurotological symptoms and academic performance of university students

Marques¹,

Ganança

Marques³

et al. 2010

Arq. Neuro-Psiquiatr.

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Objective: To compare the academic performance of university students with or without neurotological symptoms. Method: 100 students enrolled in the Biomedical Sciences Graduate School -Medical Modality of UNIFESP-EPM in 2007 and answered a neurotological screening questionnaire. results: The symptoms presented once, sometimes, many times or always, in a decreasing order of prevalence, were headache (74.0%), difficulty with concentration (57.0%), lack of memory (45.0%), physical indisposition, nausea /dizziness when in moving vehicle (37.0%), fainting (27.0%), nausea (26.0%), sensation of fullness in the ear (26.0%), hypersensitivity to sounds (26.0%), tinnitus (22.0%), vertigo and other kinds of dizziness (21.0%), imbalance when walking (21.0%), difficulty in hearing (21.0%), imminent sensation of fainting (11.0%) and vomiting (8.0%), alone or in different associations; convulsion was not mentioned. The final academic performance score ranged from 5.1 to 10.0. conclusion: University students with or without neurotological symptoms have manifested similar academic performance. Key words: vestibular diseases/epidemiology, inner ear, vertigo, dizziness, education.sintomas otoneurológicos e desempenho acadêmico de estudantes universitários resuMO Objetivo: Comparar o rendimento escolar de universitários com e sem sintomas otoneurológicos. Método: Cem alunos matriculados e ativos no Curso de Graduação em Ciências Biomédicas -Modalidade Médica da UNIFESP-EPM em 2007 responderam um questionário de triagem otoneurológica. resultados: Os sintomas presentes uma vez, algumas vezes, muitas vezes ou sempre, em ordem decrescente de prevalência, foram: dor de cabeça (74,0%), dificuldade de concentração (57,0%), dificuldade de memória (45,0%), mal-estar/enjôo/tontura em veículos em movimento (37,0%), desmaio (27,0%), enjôo (26,0%), sensação de ouvido tapado (26,0%), hipersensibilidade a sons (26,0%), zumbido (22,0%), vertigem ou outros tipos de tontura (21,0%), desequilíbrio ao andar (21,0%), dificuldade para ouvir (21,0%), sensação de desmaio iminente (11,0%) e vômito (8,0%), isoladamente ou em diferentes combinações; convulsão não foi referida. As notas da avaliação final dos alunos foram variáveis entre 5,1 e 10,0. conclusão: Estudantes universitários com ou sem sintomas otoneurológicos apresentaram rendimento escolar semelhante. Palavras-chave: doenças vestibulares/epidemiologia, orelha interna, vertigem, tontura, educação.

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“…Early therapies included treatment with anti-motion sickness medication (Levinson, 1991) as well as specific motion stimulation (e.g. Silver, 1986) and combined multisensory integration therapies (Ayres, 1978). Yet, these findings were already at that time heavily debated and even considered wrong (see Pope and Whiteley, 2003;Silver, 1986 for reviews), and have largely lost their influence on current models of dyslexia.…”

Section: Vestibular Stimulation In Neurodevelopmental Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Moving History of Vestibular Stimulation as a Therapeutic Intervention

2015

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Although the discovery and understanding of the function of the vestibular system date back only to the 19th century, strategies that involve vestibular stimulation were used long before to calm, soothe and even cure people. While such stimulation was classically achieved with various motion devices, like Cox's chair or Hallaran's swing, the development of caloric and galvanic vestibular stimulation has opened up new possibilities in the 20th century. With the increasing knowledge and recognition of vestibular contributions to various perceptual, motor, cognitive, and emotional processes, vestibular stimulation has been suggested as a powerful and non-invasive treatment for a range of psychiatric, neurological and neurodevelopmental conditions. Yet, the therapeutic interventions were, and still are, often not hypothesis-driven as broader theories remain scarce and underlying neurophysiological mechanisms are often vague. We aim to critically review the literature on vestibular stimulation as a form of therapy in various selected disorders and present its successes, expectations, and drawbacks from a historical perspective. AbstractAlthough the discovery and understanding of the function of the vestibular system date back only to the

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Learning Disabilities and the Vestibular System

Cited by 135 publications

References 9 publications

Effect of age and sex on maturation of sensory systems and balance control

Effect of age and sex on maturation of sensory systems and balance control

Neurotological symptoms and academic performance of university students

The Moving History of Vestibular Stimulation as a Therapeutic Intervention

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