Abstract:Despite the growing interest in cryptocurrencies, the delays incurred to confirm transactions are one of the factors that hamper the wide adoption of systems such as Bitcoin. Bitcoin transactions usually are confirmed in short periods (minutes), but still much larger than conventional credit card systems (seconds). In this work, we propose a framework encompassing machine learning and a queueing theory model to (i) identify which transactions will be confirmed; and (ii) characterize the confirmation time of co… Show more
“…The results of this are shown in Table 7 in details. SC side : The total delay on the SC side (blockchain delay) is not constant. It depends on several parameters 31,32 (eg, consensus method, confirmation method, orders in a queue, network latency, etc. ), and it is different in different blockchains.…”
Blockchain-based data outsourcing has attracted a huge deal of attention in recent years. However, key management and reliance on pre-defined or randomly-selected third-party auditors (TPAs) are still challenging owing to refusing to collaborate or break auditing policies. Additionally, it is impossible to store secrets in smart contracts (SCs) for signing or auditing. Thus, in the present study, a zero-knowledge (ZK)-based distributed auditing protocol (DAP) is provided. In this protocol, a user-based key generation mechanism offers users security against curious authorities based on no TPA causing them to reveal no knowledge about under-auditing data. Based on Pointcheval's and Sanders's signature scheme, as a ZK-based randomizable signature applied in an SC to handle the auditing process, the proposed DAP provides confidential transactions and user accountability. Evaluation indicates that the proposed ZK-based DAP is efficient for the user side and it is the fastest DAP in the blockchain.
“…The results of this are shown in Table 7 in details. SC side : The total delay on the SC side (blockchain delay) is not constant. It depends on several parameters 31,32 (eg, consensus method, confirmation method, orders in a queue, network latency, etc. ), and it is different in different blockchains.…”
Blockchain-based data outsourcing has attracted a huge deal of attention in recent years. However, key management and reliance on pre-defined or randomly-selected third-party auditors (TPAs) are still challenging owing to refusing to collaborate or break auditing policies. Additionally, it is impossible to store secrets in smart contracts (SCs) for signing or auditing. Thus, in the present study, a zero-knowledge (ZK)-based distributed auditing protocol (DAP) is provided. In this protocol, a user-based key generation mechanism offers users security against curious authorities based on no TPA causing them to reveal no knowledge about under-auditing data. Based on Pointcheval's and Sanders's signature scheme, as a ZK-based randomizable signature applied in an SC to handle the auditing process, the proposed DAP provides confidential transactions and user accountability. Evaluation indicates that the proposed ZK-based DAP is efficient for the user side and it is the fastest DAP in the blockchain.
“…Figure 6. Framework for transaction confirmation [15] Each time the blocks require a confirmation. The model set up a mean time for comparison.…”
Section: Delay Confirmationmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The model set up a mean time for comparison. If the except confirmation time was greater mean time, the classifier would decide whether to take the transactions [15]. The system will give an early confirmation if the except confirmation time was less than the mean time, but still, each block involved in the system needs to respond to the transaction request one by one.…”
Since the appearance of bitcoin, blockchain technology has been widely treated as an opportunity for businesses and the technology revolution. Until now, blockchain technology has been applied to several fields such as energy system evolution, Cryptocurrency, and social media. In this paper, the author mainly explored the current application of blockchain technology in social media, the algorithm behind blockchain technology, and the existing problem in blockchain technology. For the application in social media, this paper explores fake news detection, user trust framework, and decentralized online social network. For the algorithm behind blockchain technology, the Raft algorithm and Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerant algorithm are discussed in this paper. Moreover, one of the innovative consensus algorithms will be explained in the subsection. The following topics will be discussed in the existing problems section: Internet of Things issues, delayed confirmation, and information security. Finally, the author concluded that the current application of blockchain in social media is still developing, and more possibilities for blockchain application in social media will be found with further development.
“…The research group from Yale University proposed a stochastic model, which aimed at capturing the blockchain network dynamics and evolution [45]. Ricci et al proposed a complicated framework composed of the machine learning model and queuing theory model [46]. It aimed at solving two significant tasks: identifying which transactions will be confirmed and characterizing the confirmation time of transactions.…”
The present increase of attention toward blockchain-based systems is currently reaching a tipping point with the corporate focus shifting from exploring the technology potential to creating Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT)-based systems. In light of a significant number of already existing blockchain applications driven by the Internet of Things (IoT) evolution, the developers are still facing a lack of tools and instruments for appropriate and efficient performance evaluation and behavior observation of different blockchain architectures. This paper aims at providing a systematic review of current blockchain evaluation approaches and at identifying the corresponding utilization challenges and limitations. First, we outline the main metrics related to the blockchain evaluation. Second, we propose the blockchain modeling and analysis classification based on the critical literature review. Third, we extend the review with publicly accessible industrial tools. Next, we analyze the selected results for each of the proposed classes and outline the corresponding limitations. Finally, we identify current challenges of the blockchain analysis from the system evaluation perspective, as well as provide future perspectives.
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