“…The imaging resolution of CS is better in some cases, but when the noise is high, the imaging resolution is the worst, and the average metrics are thus pulled down. Based on the above imaging results, the imaging precision of different algorithms are evaluated by reconstructed shape precision, and a shape detection method using deep learning-based key point estimation [40] is employed. The exact shape of the burden surface profile is extracted by converting its band region into a geometric curve (burden line).…”
The synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging technique for a frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) has attracted wide attention in the field of burden surface profile measurement. However, the imaging data are virtually under-sampled due to the severely restricted scan time, which prevents the antenna being exposed to high temperatures and heavy dust in the blast furnace (BF) for an extended period. In traditional SAR imaging algorithm research, the insufficient accumulation of scattered energy in reconstructing the burden surface profile leads to lower imaging precision, and the harsh smelting increases the probability of distortion in shape detection. In this study, to address these challenges, a novel rotating SAR imaging algorithm based on the constructed mechanical swing radar system is proposed. This algorithm is inspired by the low-rank property of the sampled signal matrix and the sparsity of burden surface profile images. First, the sparse FMCW signal is modeled, and the position transform matrix, calculated according to the BF dimensions, is embedded into the dictionary matrix. Then, the low-rank and sparsity priors are considered and reformulated as split variables in order to establish a convex optimization problem. Lastly, the augmented Lagrange multiplier (ALM) is employed to solve this problem under double constraints, and the imaging results are obtained using the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM). The experimental results demonstrate that, in the subsequent shape detection, the root mean square error (RMSE) is 15.38% lower than the previous algorithm and 15.63% lower under low signal-to-noise (SNR) conditions. In both enclosed and harsh environments, the proposed algorithm is able to achieve higher imaging precision even under high noise. It will be further optimized for speed and reliability, with plans to extend its application to 3D measurements in the future.
“…The imaging resolution of CS is better in some cases, but when the noise is high, the imaging resolution is the worst, and the average metrics are thus pulled down. Based on the above imaging results, the imaging precision of different algorithms are evaluated by reconstructed shape precision, and a shape detection method using deep learning-based key point estimation [40] is employed. The exact shape of the burden surface profile is extracted by converting its band region into a geometric curve (burden line).…”
The synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging technique for a frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) has attracted wide attention in the field of burden surface profile measurement. However, the imaging data are virtually under-sampled due to the severely restricted scan time, which prevents the antenna being exposed to high temperatures and heavy dust in the blast furnace (BF) for an extended period. In traditional SAR imaging algorithm research, the insufficient accumulation of scattered energy in reconstructing the burden surface profile leads to lower imaging precision, and the harsh smelting increases the probability of distortion in shape detection. In this study, to address these challenges, a novel rotating SAR imaging algorithm based on the constructed mechanical swing radar system is proposed. This algorithm is inspired by the low-rank property of the sampled signal matrix and the sparsity of burden surface profile images. First, the sparse FMCW signal is modeled, and the position transform matrix, calculated according to the BF dimensions, is embedded into the dictionary matrix. Then, the low-rank and sparsity priors are considered and reformulated as split variables in order to establish a convex optimization problem. Lastly, the augmented Lagrange multiplier (ALM) is employed to solve this problem under double constraints, and the imaging results are obtained using the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM). The experimental results demonstrate that, in the subsequent shape detection, the root mean square error (RMSE) is 15.38% lower than the previous algorithm and 15.63% lower under low signal-to-noise (SNR) conditions. In both enclosed and harsh environments, the proposed algorithm is able to achieve higher imaging precision even under high noise. It will be further optimized for speed and reliability, with plans to extend its application to 3D measurements in the future.
“…the accuracy of the algorithm declines rapidly; when m is greater than 10 , the complexity and over-fitting of the model are saturated, and the accuracy of the algorithm is improved slightly with the increase in data quantity. When m is greater than 14 10 , due to excessive accumulation of abnormal sample data, the accuracy of the algorithm decreases with the increase in abnormal samples, that is, with the continuous increase in m , the accuracy of the algorithm continues to decline. Therefore, 6 10 m = is selected as the best cycle number.…”
Section: Selection and Comparison Of Maximum Likelihood Radial Basis ...mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Although the above research improves the reliability and accuracy of measuring the stockline with a mechanical probe, it cannot realize highprecision and continuous real-time measurement with a mechanical probe. In the research of measuring a blast furnace stockline with a radar probe, Wang based on the learning-based key points estimation (KP-BSP) method, reconstructed the key points in the BSP image of a radar probe, and proposed the key-points-based connected region noise reduction (KP-CRNR) algorithm to eliminate the influence of noise, improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the radar signal, and the measurement accuracy of the radar probe [14]. An improved solid-state radar measurement and signal processing method were proposed in [15], and a special phase-controlled radar was designed, which adopted the improved FM continuous wave measurement principle, and combined the intelligent time-varying threshold signal processing method to synchronously improve the real-time performance and accuracy of stockline measurement.…”
The real-time, continuity, and accuracy of blast furnace stockline information are of great significance in reducing energy consumption and improving smelting efficiency. However, the traditional mechanical measurement method has the problem of measuring point discontinuity, while the radar measurement method exhibits problems such as weak anti-interference ability, low accuracy, and poor stability. Therefore, a high-dimensional, spatial feature stockline detection method based on the maximum likelihood radial basis function model (MLRBFM) and structural dynamic self-optimization RBF neural network (SDSO-RBFNN) is proposed. Firstly, the discrete time series joint partition method is used to extract the time dimension periodic features of the blast furnace stockline. Based on MLRBFM, the high-dimensional spatial features of the stockline are then obtained. Finally, an SDSO-RBFNN is constructed based on an eigen orthogonal matrix and a right triangular matrix decomposition (QR) direct clustering algorithm with spatial–temporal features as input, so as to obtain continuous, high-precision stockline information. Both the simulation results and industrial validation indicate that the proposed method can provide real-time and accurate stockline information, and has great practical value for industrial production.
“…H. Wang et al proposed a key point estimation method based on learning combined with a key point-based connected region noise reduction algorithm (KP-CRNR) to reconstruct the key points in the BSP image measured by the radar probe. This method improves the measurement accuracy of the radar probe from the perspective of the working principle of the sensor [ 21 ]. From the above research, the introduction of deep learning technology improves the accuracy of radar probes for burden level measurement to a certain extent.…”
Real-time, continuous and accurate blast furnace burden level information is of great significance for controlling the charging process, ensuring a smooth operation of a blast furnace, reducing energy consumption and emissions and improving blast furnace output. However, the burden level information measured by conventional mechanical stock rods and radar probes exhibit problems of weak anti-interference ability, large fluctuations in accuracy, poor stability and discontinuity. Therefore, a space-time fusion prediction and detection method of burden level based on a long-term focus memory network (LFMN) and an efficient structure self-tuning RBF neural network (ESST-RBFNN) is proposed. First, the space dimensional features are extracted by the space regression model based on radar data. Then, the LFMN is designed to predict the burden level and extract the time dimensional features. Finally, the ESST-RBFNN based on a proposed fast eigenvector space clustering algorithm (ESC) is constructed to obtain reliable and continuous burden level information with high accuracy. Both the simulation results and industrial verification indicate that the proposed method can provide real-time and continuous burden level information in real-time, which has great practical value for industrial production.
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