“…Researchers develop a number of valid instruments to measure learner autonomy in different learning phases ( Xu et al, 2004 ; Macaskill and Taylor, 2010 ; Oguz, 2013 ; Lin and Reinders, 2019 ), and investigate students’ and teachers’ beliefs, perceptions and readiness for learner autonomy in various educational contexts ( Tanyeli and Kuter, 2013 ; Xiang and Wu, 2016 ; Bozkurt and Arslan, 2018 ; Lin and Reinders, 2019 ). There are a number of studies showing the close relationship between leaner autonomy and other key issues in learning and teaching, such as motivation ( Huang and Liaw, 2007 ; Nakata, 2010 ; Calafato, 2020 ), self-regulation ( Stefanou et al, 2013 ), learner achievement ( Ghorbandordinejad and Nasab, 2016 ), teachers’ behavior and instruction ( Grosmann and Wilde, 2020 ), language policy ( Rivers, 2011 ; Phan and Hamid, 2016 ), and technology ( Reinders and White, 2011 ; Lai, 2019 ; Stockwell and Reinders, 2019 ).…”