Learning and extinction based upon frustration, food reward, and exploratory tendency.

Adelman, Harvey M.; Maatsch, Jack L.

doi:10.1037/h0045947

Cited by 88 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 8 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Second, both long-ratio schedules and extinction are known to produce aggressive behavior (Azrin, Hutchinson, & Hake, 1966;Gallup, 1965, Knutson, 1970 and escape behavior (Adelman & Maatsch, 1956;Azrin, 1961;Thompson, 1964Thompson, , 1965, and these behaviors have been attributed to either the frustrative nonreward or emotionality present in both cases. Third, increasing ratio requirements systematically increases aggressive behavior (e.g., Cherek & Pickens, 1970) and self-imposed extinction (Azrin, 1961), implicating again some degree and kind of emotionality associated with the higher ratio requirements.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transfer of persistence from fixed-ratio barpress training to runway extinction

Wong

Amsel

1976

Animal Learning & Behavior

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transfer of persistence from fixed-ratio barpress training to runway extinction

Wong

Amsel

1976

Animal Learning & Behavior

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…Based on the many observations that the omission of an anticipated reward is an aversive event that has been described as ‘frustrating,’ frustration theory emerged (Amsel, ; Daly, ). In support of this theory, a series of studies have shown that rats will lever press or jump hurdles to escape stimuli that were previously associated with reward but are now associated with the omission of reward (Adelman & Maatsch, ; Daly, ,b,c, ). Consistent with these studies, our results demonstrate that rats quickly recognise the omission of an expected reward and rapidly develop a choice preference for the optimal choice avoiding the extinguished lever and the quadrant of the behavioral chamber containing that lever.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of behavioral preferences for the optimal choice following unexpected reward omission is mediated by a reduction of D2‐like receptor tone in the nucleus accumbens

Porter-Stransky

Seiler

Day

et al. 2013

Eur J of Neuroscience

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

To survive in a dynamic environment, animals must identify changes in resource availability and rapidly apply adaptive strategies to obtain resources that promote survival. We have utilised a behavioral paradigm to assess differences in foraging strategy when resource (reward) availability unexpectedly changes. When reward magnitude was reduced by 50% (receive one reward pellet instead of two), male and female rats developed a preference for the optimal choice by the second session. However, when an expected reward was omitted (receive no reward pellets instead of one), subjects displayed a robust preference for the optimal choice during the very first session. Previous research shows that, when an expected reward is omitted, dopamine neurons phasically decrease their firing rate, which is hypothesised to decrease dopamine release preferentially affecting D2-like receptors. As robust changes in behavioral preference were specific to reward omission, we tested this hypothesis and the functional role of D1- and D2-like receptors in the nucleus accumbens in mediating the rapid development of a behavioral preference for the rewarded option during reward omission in male rats. Blockade of both receptor types had no effect on this behavior; however, holding D2-like, but not D1-like, receptor tone via infusion of dopamine receptor agonists prevented the development of the preference for the rewarded option during reward omission. These results demonstrate that avoiding an outcome that has been tagged with aversive motivational properties is facilitated through decreased dopamine transmission and subsequent functional disruption of D2-like, but not D1-like, receptor tone in the nucleus accumbens.

show abstract

“…However, when the expected reward is not delivered, the motivation of hope is aroused but not fulfilled. This results in the aversive state of 'disappointment' (Adelman and Maatsch, 1956;Wagner, 1959). Disappointment, as a result of changes in reinforcement contingencies, results in the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system (Levine et al, 1972).…”

Section: Effects Of Loss Of Predictability On Animal Welfarementioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of predictability on the welfare of captive animals

Bassett

Buchanan‐Smith

2007

Applied Animal Behaviour Science

286

253

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Variations in the predictability of a stressor have pronounced effects on the behavioural and physiological effects of stress in rats. It is reasonable to expect that variations in the predictability of husbandry routines thought to be aversive to animals might have similar effects on stress indices. Similarly, variations in the predictability of positive events, of which feeding is an obvious example, may affect welfare. This review examines the behavioural and physiological effects of the predictability of aversive and appetitive stimuli, and the application of experimental findings to animal husbandry in practice. It is argued here that two distinct but overlapping types of predictability exist. 'Temporal' predictability describes whether an event occurs at fixed or variable intervals, whereas 'signalled' predictability relates to the reliability of a signal preceding the event. This review examines the effects of each of these types of predictability in relation to positively and negatively perceived events, and examines the link between predictability and control. Recommendations are made for relatively simple and inexpensive modifications to husbandry routines that may be easy to incorporate into the schedules of busy staff yet could have a profound impact on the welfare of animals in their care.

show abstract

Learning and extinction based upon frustration, food reward, and exploratory tendency.

Cited by 88 publications

References 8 publications

Transfer of persistence from fixed-ratio barpress training to runway extinction

Transfer of persistence from fixed-ratio barpress training to runway extinction

Development of behavioral preferences for the optimal choice following unexpected reward omission is mediated by a reduction of D2‐like receptor tone in the nucleus accumbens

Effects of predictability on the welfare of captive animals

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About