Learning about occlusion: Initial assumptions and rapid adjustments

Kochukhova, Olga; Gredebäck, Gustaf

doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2006.08.005

Cited by 48 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…This conservative criterion of zero ensured that participants actually looked at the goal object before the PL hand has reached this goal. In other areas of research, for instance in studies of object representations, a more liberal criterion incorporating a 200 ms reaction time in anticipations has been used (e.g., Kochukhova and Gredebäck, 2007). We refrain from using the more liberal threshold as this is not in line with most prior action anticipation studies.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Humans Anticipate the Goal of other People’s Point-Light Actions

Elsner¹,

Falck‐Ytter²,

Gredebäck³

2012

Front. Psychology

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This eye tracking study investigated the degree to which biological motion information from manual point-light displays provides sufficient information to elicit anticipatory eye movements. We compared gaze performance of adults observing a biological motion point-light display of a hand reaching for a goal object or a non-biological version of the same event. Participants anticipated the goal of the point-light action in the biological motion condition but not in a non-biological control condition. The present study demonstrates that kinematic information from biological motion can be used to anticipate the goal of other people’s point-light actions and that the presence of biological motion is sufficient for anticipation to occur.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Humans Anticipate the Goal of other People’s Point-Light Actions

Elsner¹,

Falck‐Ytter²,

Gredebäck³

2012

Front. Psychology

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“…Habituation tasks yield a decrement of interest on repeated presentations of a single stimulus, even in neonates (Slater, 1995). Experiments investigating deferred imitation of behaviors have found that infants as young as 6 weeks imitated facial gestures (Meltzoff & Moore, 1994) and that 6-month-olds imitated actions demonstrated with a puppet (Barr, Dowden, & Hayne, 1996) and retained information about occluded objects (Kochukhova & Gredebäck, 2007) after a 24-h delay. In addition, 6-month-olds have been shown to imitate target actions viewed when they were 3 months of age, providing additional evidence for early functionality of neural substrates for long-term memory stores (Campanella & Rovee-Collier, 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Third, by 6 months, infants begin to deal effectively with nonlinear trajectories, showing spatially accurate predictive eye movements when a target moves on a partly occluded circular (Gredebäck & von Hofsten, 2004) or angled path (Kochukhova & Gredebäck, 2007). In contrast, 4-month-olds construe nonlinear occlusion trajectories as discontinuous, and perception of continuity is disrupted when a linear object path is oriented diagonally relative to the occluder and background (Bremner et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Learning and memory facilitate predictive tracking in 4-month-olds

Johnson

Shuwairi

2009

Journal of Experimental Child Psychology

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We investigated 4-month-olds' oculomotor anticipations when viewing occlusion stimuli consisting of a small target that moved back and forth repetitively while the center of its trajectory was occluded by a rectangular screen. We examined performance under five conditions. In the baseline condition, infants produced few predictive relative to reactive eye movements. In the full training condition, anticipations were increased in frequency following prior exposure to a target moving along a fully visible trajectory. The delay condition tested the effects of training after a 30-min interval elapsed between training and test, resulting in a return to baseline performance. However, the training effect was reinstated in the reminder condition following another brief exposure to the training stimulus prior to test. Finally, in the brief training condition, we found that the brief exposure alone was insufficient to induce the training effect. Results are interpreted in the context of learning from shortterm experience and long-term memory.

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“…Infants can learn across trials to make appropriate predictive eye movements when observing inanimate objects move [13][14][15], and evidence of this learning has been found before they are able to perform objectdirected reaches [14,16]. Alternatively, and in line with assumptions about mechanisms underlying predictive eye movements towards object-directed actions [1,2,17], the mirror system may play a role.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

The time course of eye movements during action observation reflects sequence learning

Press

Kilner²

2013

NeuroReport

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When we observe object-directed actions such as grasping, we make predictive eye movements. However, eye movements are reactive when observing similar actions without objects. This reactivity may reflect a lack of attribution of intention to observed actors when they perform actions without 'goals'. Alternatively, it may simply signal that there is no cue present that has been predictive of the subsequent trajectory in the observer's experience. To test this hypothesis, the present study investigated how the time course of eye movements changes as a function of visual experience of predictable, but arbitrary, actions without objects. Participants observed a point-light display of a model performing sequential finger actions in a serial reaction time task. Eye movements became less reactive across blocks. In addition, participants who exhibited more predictive eye movements subsequently demonstrated greater learning when required either to execute, or to recognize, the sequence. No measures were influenced by whether participants had been instructed that the observed movements were human or lever generated. The present data indicate that eye movements when observing actions without objects reflect the extent to which the trajectory can be predicted through experience. The findings are discussed with reference to the implications for the mechanisms supporting perception of actions both with and without objects as well as those mediating inanimate object processing.

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Learning about occlusion: Initial assumptions and rapid adjustments

Cited by 48 publications

References 23 publications

Humans Anticipate the Goal of other People’s Point-Light Actions

Humans Anticipate the Goal of other People’s Point-Light Actions

Learning and memory facilitate predictive tracking in 4-month-olds

The time course of eye movements during action observation reflects sequence learning

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