Learned helplessness, discouraged workers, and multiple unemployment equilibria

Leader–Follower Interpersonal Emotion Management

“…Thus, we induced anger in all participants. Anger was chosen because it is common in the workplace (Bjornstad, 2006), especially during times of uncertainty (Tiedens & Linton, 2001), and is commonly manipulated or measured in emotion management research.…”

Youth, diversity and employment in times of crisis and economic restructuring – an introduction

“…Proponents of the discouraged workers theory have argued that individuals with marginal or no attachment to the labour market may prefer social security to employment. The reason is not so much the economic disincentives but the secondary gains and self-protection of avoiding exposure to new and degrading experiences of failure or shortcomings in the labour market, or assuming that no work is available to them (Bjørnstad, 2006). As already mentioned, young adults with low educational attainments and no or little work experience also have a higher risk of permanent exclusion from the labour market (Bell and Blanchflower, 2010, 2011a, 2011b.…”

“…Recently, we have seen a growing interest, both nationally and internationally, in provisions aiming to prevent discrimination and failure to provide accessible workplaces and appropriate accommodation, on the part of employers (United Nations, 1965, 2006European Union, 2000a, 2000b. We will refer to three kinds of provisions aiming to enable individuals belonging to ethnic minorities and those with disabilities to find and retain suitable employment.…”

New Policies to Promote Youth Inclusion

“…Proponents of discouraged workers theory have argued that persons with marginal or no attachment to the labour market may prefer social security to employment not so much because of the economic disincentives as because of the secondary gains and self-protection of avoiding exposure to new and degrading experiences of failure or shortcomings in the labour market, or they assume that no work is available to them (e.g. Bjørnstad 2006). Associated with this, young adults with low educational attainments and no or little work experience have risked permanent exclusion from the labour market (Bell and Blanchflower 2010;.…”