“…In 2021, Rehman et al, those factors include: technology gap, fear of unemployment in workers, current status of employees, fear of not knowing, change in reporting structure, skill gap, lack of appropriate communication, fear of people with machines, social disconnect, out-of-scope exposure, fear of managerial change, increasing factors of accountability, unhealthy behavior, the value of unknown technology, unknown ways to use technology, lack of uniformity in technology, technology related to too many paperwork, technology that creates too many jobs, technology abuse, high technology costs, technology that is a threat to personal freedom, technology that is different from work processes and procedures has been established, technology will have a negative impact on teamwork and collaboration, bad experience with technology in the past, lack of leadership/support for innovation, level of comfort -the effect of disruption, time to make changes and adjustments, understanding and ability to perform, budget priorities, difficulty/capacity/training time, resistance to learning new technology, stressful/overloaded work, cost, evidence of value, reliability, lack of clear scope, weak motivation to change, lack of money, skepticism in rank, high workforce turnover, little personal empowerment, use of relationships, insufficient knowledge of leanness and inadequate management skills. Sakataven et al (2021) reviewed the literature and found fifteen barriers to lean implementation and by using the outputs of Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM) and Impact Matrix Cross-Referencing Multiplication (MICMAC) analyses, the study classified 15 barriers into 10 levels. Where, "Roles and Responsibilities not defined in Lean Implementation" at level 1 ( the lowest impact level).…”