Leaky Lamb wave–based resin impregnation monitoring with noninvasive and integrated piezoelectric sensor network

Liu, Xiao; Yu, Yinghong; Li, Jun; Zhu, Jianjian; Wang, Yishou; Qing, Xinlin

doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2021.110480

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…When the plate got in touch with resin during infusion, Lamb waves were attenuated, and resin arrival was tracked. The embedded configuration of the sensor proved to be effective for flow monitoring and also for the entire life-cycle health condition monitoring [ 79 ].…”

Section: Measurement Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview of the Measurement of Permeability of Composite Reinforcements

2023

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Liquid composite molding (LCM) is a class of fast and cheap processes suitable for the fabrication of large parts with good geometrical and mechanical properties. One of the main steps in an LCM process is represented by the filling stage, during which a reinforcing fiber preform is impregnated with a low-viscosity resin. Darcy’s permeability is the key property for the filling stage, not usually available and depending on several factors. Permeability is also essential in computational modeling to reduce costly trial-and-error procedures during composite manufacturing. This review aims to present the most used and recent methods for permeability measurement. Several solutions, introduced to monitor resin flow within the preform and to calculate the in-plane and out-of-plane permeability, will be presented. Finally, the new trends toward reliable methods based mainly on non-invasive and possibly integrated sensors will be described.

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Section: Measurement Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview of the Measurement of Permeability of Composite Reinforcements

2023

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“…A i particles primarily vibrate out-of-plane, whereas S i particles primarily vibrate in-plane. Inevitably, when viscous resin is put onto a solid plate, it prevents the particle from vibrating out of plane, changing the amplitude and phase of Lamb waves, as described in [26]. Therefore, Lamb waves can be used to monitor the flow front and dry spots.…”

Section: Principles Of Monitoring With An Active Piezoelectric Sensor...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The formation of dry spots is since the resin fails to infiltrate the fiber completely. For a sensing path, the more completely the resin is infiltrated, the more Lamb wave leakage energy and the larger the scattered signal [26]. When there is a dry spot, the Lamb wave leakage energy is smaller; therefore, the scattered signal is also smaller.…”

Section: Principles Of Monitoring With An Active Piezoelectric Sensor...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, this only enables local monitoring and fails to comprehensively respond to the full-field information. Furthermore, many scholars have shown great interest in developing new sensor technologies for full-field monitoring, and as a result many new approaches have emerged, such as the use of digital cameras [20][21][22], dielectric sensors [23], piezoresistive sensors [24,25], the piezoelectric lead-zirconate titanate (PZT) [26][27][28] and so on. Real-time resin flow front images can be captured using digital cameras, however they are not suitable for opaque closed molds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Liu et al used Lamb waves based on a piezoelectric sensor network to monitor the resin flow front and the degree of cure of the resin during the VARI process [27]. Additionally, the position of the dry spot is also roughly monitored using Lamb waves excited by the non-invasive piezoelectric sensors (NPSs) [26], but the accuracy still needs to be improved. In this paper, the method of dry spot localization using the NPS network is hence added to the embedded piezoelectric sensor (EPS) network co-monitoring to improve localization accuracy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Full-field monitoring of the resin flow front and dry spot with noninvasive and embedded piezoelectric sensor networks

Cui

Liu

et al. 2023

Smart Mater. Struct.

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Vacuum-assisted resin infusion (VARI) process has been proven to be an effective-cost technology for manufacturing large-scale composite structure with complex geometries and has a broad development prospect in industry fields, especially in aerospace. The resin impregnation, a crucial stage of the VARI process, can easily lead to dry spots and seriously reduce product quality or even lead to scrap due to improper resin flow. The non-invasive piezoelectric sensors (NPS) network and embedded piezoelectric sensors (EPS) network composed of SMART Layer are employed for full-field monitoring of the resin flow fronts and accurate localization of the dry spot defects. Also, an innovative experimental technique for creating dry spot defects is presented in this research. Based on the analysis of the Lamb wave signals, the A0 mode from the NPS network and the S0 mode of the EPS network are ideal for the monitoring of dry spots. Additionally, by fusing the impact of dry spot defects on the Lamb wave and the probability-based diagnostic imaging (PDI) algorithm, a new damage index (DI) is proposed to precisely locate the dry spot defects. The experimental results further indicate that the method proposed can provide effective full-field monitoring of the resin flow front and dry spot defect locations.

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