Leaky Gut in IBD: Intestinal Barrier–Gut Microbiota Interaction

Abstract

The gut microbiota mainly consists of Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a global disease that is in increasing incidence. The gut, which contains the largest amount of lymphoid tissue in the human body, as well as a wide range of nervous system components, is integral in ensuring intestinal homeostasis and function. By interacting with gut microbiota, immune cells, and the enteric nervous system, the intestinal barrier, which is a solid barrier, protects the intestinal tract from the external environment, thereby maintaining homeostasis throughout the body. Destruction of the intestinal barrier is referred to as developing a "leaky gut," which causes a series of changes relating to the occurrence of IBD. Changes in the interactions between the intestinal barrier and gut microbiota are particularly crucial in the development of IBD. Exploring the leaky gut and its interaction with the gut microbiota, immune cells, and the neuroimmune system may help further explain the pathogenesis of IBD and provide potential therapeutic methods for future use.

Axl alleviates DSS-induced colitis by preventing dysbiosis of gut microbiota

“…Although Axl has been known to act as a negative regulator in the pathogenesis of IBD 18 , to the best of our knowledge, the effect of Axl on changes in the composition of the gut microbiota has not been investigated to date. Previous studies have demonstrated that IBD patients show a reduced abundance of the genera Bacteroides 65 , 66 , Alloprevotella 67 , Odoribacter 68 , Bifidobacterium , Eggerthella 69 , and Olsenella but an increased in Escherichia , Shigella , and Actinobacillus 70 . In addition, the species such as B. vulgatus , B. caccae , B. bifidum , and B. longum 68 are decreased in patients with IBD, whereas the species S. enterica 71 , E. coli 67 , A. segnis , H. parainfluenzae , and E. corrodens 68 are enhanced.…”

Effectiveness and Safety Profiles of Biological Therapies in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Real Life Data from an Active Pharmacovigilance Project

“…The more recently available biologics, such as VED and UST, did not seem to show an increased risk of serious infections compared to anti-TNFα agents [ 52 , 53 ]. Additionally, IBD patients had several intrinsic risk factors that play a key role in the development of infections, including malnutrition, surgery, and “leaky gut syndrome”, with consequent increased pathogen exposure and bacterial translocation, especially when co-treated with steroids that could contribute to the observed increase in infection rates [ 54 , 55 , 56 ]. Anti-TNFα agents, particularly ADA, followed by UST and VED, play a role in the onset of dermatological pathologies, including urticaria, erythema, and dermatitis [ 57 ]; moreover, our data showed a higher incidence of malignancies with VED when adjusted on 10 years of treatment.…”

Self-Perceived Physical Level and Fitness Performance in Children and Adolescents with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

“…Additionally, the contribution of gut microbiota alteration in the pathogenesis of IBD is generally accepted [ 39 , 40 , 41 ]. PA has been reported to be a significant modifier in preventing and restoring gut dysbiosis [ 42 ]; PA is associated with an increase in microflora diversity, an improvement in the development of commensal bacteria, and a beneficial metabolic function [ 42 , 43 ].…”