Leakage Rates of Refrigerants CFC-12, HCFC-22, and HFC-134a from Operating Mobile Air Conditioning Systems in Guangzhou, China: Tests inside a Busy Urban Tunnel under Hot and Humid Weather Conditions

Zhang, Yanli; Yang, Weiqiang; Huang, Zhi‐Zhen; Liu, Di; Simpson, Isobel J.; Blake, Donald R.; George, Christian; Wang, Xinming

doi:10.1021/acs.estlett.7b00445

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…However, fuel quality, engine performance, exhaust after treatment facilities and/or maintenance might be among the factors inducing more CH 4 emissions. Our previous study in the same tunnel revealed that the global warming potentials associated with refrigerant leakage from on-road vehicles are equal to 1.4% of that of the directly emitted CO 2 [44], and now, we have demonstrated that the emissions of CH 4 from on-road vehicles are equal to 1.3% of the directly emitted CO 2 in terms of the global warming potentials. These findings raises concern about whether we need to consider overall environmental and climatic effects of traffic emissions in formulating emission control policies, such as the emissions of greenhouse gases (CO 2 , CH 4 and halocarbons) or secondary formation of ozone, which is also a greenhouse gas that can be formed from photochemical ageing of traffic-emitted VOCs and NO x .…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 58%

“…We placed the two sampling stations (outlet station and inlet station) 50 m from the ends of the 721-meter flat underwater section. Determined emission factors for air pollutants and halocarbons based on tunnel tests are reported elsewhere [41][42][43][44][45]. CO 2 and CH 4 in this study were measured using the same batch of air samples collected by canisters for the analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs).…”

Section: Field Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Methane emissions from on-road vehicles in China: a case study in an urban tunnel

Zhang¹,

Huang²,

Luo³

et al. 2020

Environ. Res. Commun.

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Reducing emissions of methane (CH 4 ) in developed regions and urban areas is a practical way to curb the unexpected surge in global CH 4 levels in recent decades. Traffic emissions are among the important anthropogenic CH 4 emission sources in megacities, yet CH 4 emissions from on-road vehicles are less characterized and not well addressed. Based on tunnel tests in an urban tunnel in south China, a real-world emission factor (EF) of CH 4 was measured to be 0.26±0.03 g·km −1 (mean ±95% C.I.) for on-road vehicle fleet which including gasoline vehicles, diesel vehicles, and liquefied petroleum gas vehicles, with an average CH 4 /CO 2 mass ratio of 40.6E-5 g·g −1 , and CH 4 could account for 1.3% of vehicle CO 2 -equivalent emissions. Using the measured CH 4 /CO 2 ratio and available automobile CO 2 emission estimates, traffic CH 4 emissions in 2014 could have reached 333 Gg and represented 0.6% of total anthropogenic CH 4 emissions in China, approximately four times the previous reported value of 79 Gg. Our results indicate that improving energy efficiency would have cobenefits for reducing traffic emissions of CH 4 , as observed EFs of CH 4 are positively correlated with that of CO 2 , and over 90% of traffic CH 4 emissions in China could be avoided if the traffic CH 4 /CO 2 ratio can be an order of magnitude lower as previously observed in a tunnel in Switzerland.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 58%

Section: Field Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methane emissions from on-road vehicles in China: a case study in an urban tunnel

Zhang¹,

Huang²,

Luo³

et al. 2020

Environ. Res. Commun.

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“…S1), on three weekdays (14-16 October 2019) and two weekend days (13 and 19 October 2019). A detailed description of the Zhujiang tunnel can be found in our previous studies (Liu et al, 2014;Zhang et al, 2016Zhang et al, , 2017Zhang et al, , 2018. IVOCs were collected by a sorption tube (Tenax TA/Carbograph 5TD, Marks International Ltd., UK) using an automatic sampler (JEC921, Jectec Science and Technology, Co., Ltd., Beijing, China).…”

Section: Field Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The tunnel test is a widely used method to characterize vehicle emissions in light of its advantage in capturing real-world emissions with a large number of driving vehicles. The emissions of PM 2.5 , carbonaceous aerosols, VOCs, NO x , and NH 3 from on-road vehicles have been widely studied based on tunnel tests (Liu et al, 2014;Zhang et al, 2016Zhang et al, , 2017Zhang et al, , 2018. However, to the best of our knowledge, until present no reports are available about vehicular emission factors of IVOCs through tunnel tests.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement report: Emissions of intermediate-volatility organic compounds from vehicles under real-world driving conditions in an urban tunnel

et al. 2021

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Abstract. Intermediate-volatility organic compounds (IVOCs) emitted from vehicles are important precursors to secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) in urban areas, yet vehicular emission of IVOCs, particularly from on-road fleets, is poorly understood. Here we initiated a field campaign to collect IVOCs with sorption tubes at both the inlet and the outlet in a busy urban tunnel (>30 000 vehicles per day) in south China for characterizing emissions of IVOCs from on-road vehicles. The average emission factor of IVOCs (EFIVOCs) was measured to be 16.77±0.89 mg km−1 (average ±95 % CI, confidence interval) for diesel and gasoline vehicles in the fleets, and based on linear regression, the average EFIVOCs was derived to be 62.79±18.37 mg km−1 for diesel vehicles and 13.95±1.13 mg km−1 for gasoline vehicles. The EFIVOCs for diesel vehicles from this study was comparable to that reported previously for non-road engines without after-treatment facilities, while the EFIVOCs for gasoline vehicles from this study was much higher than that recently tested for a China V gasoline vehicle. IVOCs from the on-road fleets did not show significant correlation with the primary organic aerosol (POA) or total non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) as results from previous chassis dynamometer tests. Estimated SOA production from the vehicular IVOCs and VOCs surpassed the POA by a factor of ∼2.4, and IVOCs dominated over VOCs in estimated SOA production by a factor of ∼7, suggesting that controlling IVOCs is of greater importance to modulate traffic-related organic aerosol (OA) in urban areas. The results demonstrated that although on-road gasoline vehicles have much lower EFIVOCs, they contribute more IVOCs than on-road diesel vehicles due to its dominance in the on-road fleets. However, due to greater diesel than gasoline fuel consumption in China, emission of IVOCs from diesel engines would be much larger than that from gasoline engines, signaling the overwhelming contribution of IVOC emissions by non-road diesel engines in China.

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“…CFC-12 was one of the most commonly used CFC for AC in the 1980's (Prather and Watson 1990) and CFC-12 and HCFC-22 are among the most abundant CFC's in the atmosphere (Zhang et al 2017). In the scientific and government printeries CFC-12/HCFC-22 was found in the CTP areas, at 950 ppb and 80 ppb, respectively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhalation exposure to volatile organic compounds in the printing industry

Alabdulhadi

Ramadan

Devey

et al. 2019

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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This study reports on the occupational inhalation exposure to VOCs of workers in the Kuwaiti printing industry. Using the evacuated canister methodology, we targeted 72 VOCs in three printeries and compared the concentrations to previous reports and relevant occupational exposure levels (OELs). We found that recent efforts in the printing industry to reduce VOC usage had been successful, as concentrations of key hazardous VOCs were substantially lower than anticipated. On the other hand, nearly all target VOCs were found. Non-production areas were sampled along with the offset printing areas, another strength of this study, and revealed exposures to hazardous VOCs among administers and digital printer and CTP operators. Exposure to ototoxic VOCs amounted to 1-3% of the OEL, consisting mostly of ethylbenzene, which was likely in use in two of the study printeries. Exposure to carcinogenic or probably carcinogenic VOCs was 15-20% of the OEL at four locations across the three printeries, consisting mostly of vinyl chloride and benzyl chloride. Vinyl chloride VOC was partially sourced from outdoors, but was also likely used inside the study printeries. Interestingly, concentrations of vinyl chloride were similar in most sampling locations to that of CFC-114, a CFC banned by the Montreal Protocol and not commonly used as a refrigerant. This unexpected finding suggests further study is warranted to identify the use of these VOCs in printeries. Exposure to hazardous VOCs up to nearly 50% of the OEL, consisting largely of bromoform and vinyl chloride. Bromoform was found in all the study printeries, sourced partially from outdoor air. The higher concentrations found inside the study printeries likely resulted from the use of the desalinated water for washing. This finding raises of emissions from sources other than blanket washes, and inks, etc. adding to the total VOC load in printery indoor air. Implications: Results from this study indicate that efforts to reduce worker exposure to VOCs particularly dangerous to human health in recent years have been successful, but there is still much to be done to protect workers. Exposures to ototoxic and carcinogenic VOCs were identified, among both production and non-production workers. Unexpected findings included the apparent use in printing activities of the carcinogen vinyl chloride and CFC-114, banned under the Montreal Protocol. Observed lapses in safety procedures included failure to utilize ventilation systems and closing doors between work areas, indicating management and worker education should remain a priority.

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Leakage Rates of Refrigerants CFC-12, HCFC-22, and HFC-134a from Operating Mobile Air Conditioning Systems in Guangzhou, China: Tests inside a Busy Urban Tunnel under Hot and Humid Weather Conditions

Abstract: SSCI-VIDE+CARE+CGO:XWGInternational audienc

Cited by 11 publications

References 30 publications

Methane emissions from on-road vehicles in China: a case study in an urban tunnel

Methane emissions from on-road vehicles in China: a case study in an urban tunnel

Measurement report: Emissions of intermediate-volatility organic compounds from vehicles under real-world driving conditions in an urban tunnel

Inhalation exposure to volatile organic compounds in the printing industry

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