Leak-Off Test Model Combining Wellbore and Near-Wellbore Mechanical Behavior

Abstract

Considerable efforts to model leak-off test (LOT) and leak-off behaviors have been carried out in the past. Altun presented a method to estimate leak-off volume by dividing the pressurized system into four sub-systems: mud compression, casing expansion, fluid leakage, and borehole expansion (Altun 2001). The volume response from each sub-system is then combined to represent the total volume pumped during a LOT. Most existing leak-off models do not account for mechanical behavior of cement and rock formations around the wellbore. While their compressibilities are small, the cement and rock formation volume changes can be significant. In this study, a mechanical expansion model has been developed, based on a linearly elastic, concentric cylinder theory developed by Norris (Norris 2003). The model is an extension of Lame' equations for multi cocentric cylinders and assumes the horizontal stresses on the system's boundary are applied equally in all directions, i.e., the horizontal, far-field stresses around the system are isotropic. The resulting model simulates the compound radial displacements of casing, cement, and formation along the cased hole, based on pressures inside the wellbore and in the far-field stress region. The volume generated from concentric cylinder expansion is then combined with Altun's mud compression volume and fluid leakage volume to simulate the total volume pumped during a LOT. One use of the model is the estimation of minimum horizontal far field stress. Since the model consists of concentric cylinders, the pressure on the outside boundary can approximate the minimum horizontal far field stress, which in turn and related to overburden pressure. The pressure inside the most inner cylinder is calculated from known mud weight. With an initial estimation for the far field stress and iterative methods, the minimum horizontal stress can be estimated. The developed models were then applied to field LOT data from the Gulf of Mexico. The results show that leak-off volume along the cased hole should be analyzed as a compound expansion of casing, cement, and formation. Since horizontal far field stresses in the GOM are almost equal (low anisotropy) (Salehi and Nygaard 2012), the Wider Windows LOT model simulates leak-off volume, leak-off behaviors, and far field stress.

Review of the Leak-off Tests with a Focus on Automation and Digitalization

“…Despite the simplicity of running the test, its interpretation is not always easy, especially in formations with nonlinear relationships between pumped volume and injection pressure. Thus, various numerical studies have been conducted to investigate the LOT/XLOT procedure or for checking the test results [72][73][74][75][76]. During performing hydraulic fracturing operations in naturally fractured reservoirs, the XLOTs results are affected by hydraulic and natural fractures [77].…”