The phrase "beauty is in the eye of the beholder" is usually invoked to explain the attractiveness of someone who may not meet a prevailing cultural standard of beauty. It is apt, however, for framing a discussion of art, beauty, and desire in Greece and Rome, since understanding the effect of beauty depends upon the perspective and approach that one takes. Does one try to define a beautiful body as an aesthetic universal, something recognized by the "man of taste," to borrow an expression from Kant? Does one look at the artist, the art object, or the viewer? While critic, artist, and viewer might use the term "beauty" for a work of art, their point of reference is different, and their response to the work, particularly in their admiration and desire, differ. Here we will consider beauty from two perspectives, that of the artist making a figural work of art and that of the viewer looking at it. In each case literary evidence will assist us in identifying some of the interests that these two observers of beauty had.
Artists and the Ideal Human FigureWe can begin by looking at a work that was recognized throughout antiquity as an ideal rendering of the human body, the Doryphoros ("The Spear-Bearer": Figure 3.1). The original bronze statue was created by Polykleitos around 450-440 BCE for the city of Argos. Today the work is known from several full-size copies in marble dating from the Hellenistic and Roman eras, as well as from busts and other replicas. The nude male figure is shown in a contrapposto pose, with the weight on the right leg. With the heel raised on the free left leg, the figure is balanced between motion and rest, either starting to move or coming to a stop. The work has a chiastic or X-shape composition, with the weight-bearing arm and leg diagonally opposite from each other, the hips tilted down on the left and the shoulders down on the right. The figure is neither youthful nor A Companion to Greek and Roman Sexualities, First Edition. Edited by Thomas K. Hubbard.