Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula) Classification Performance Using Hyperspectral and Multispectral Sensors

Abstract

Abstract. The Ecological Society of America has evaluated current U.S. national policies and practices on biological invasions in light of current scientific knowledge. Invasions by harmful non-native species are increasing in number and area affected, and the damages to ecosystems, economic activity, and human welfare are accumulating. Without improved strategies based on recent scientific advances and increased investments to counter invasions, harm from invasive species is likely to accelerate. Federal leadership, with the cooperation of state and local governments, is required to increase the effectiveness of prevention of invasions, detect and respond quickly to new potentially harmful invasions, control and slow the spread of existing invasions, and provide a national center to ensure that these efforts are coordinated and cost effective. 3 Recent scientific and technical advances provide a sound basis for more cost effective national responses to invasive species. Greater investments in improved technology and management practices would be more than repaid by reduced damages from current and future invasive species. The Ecological Society of America is committed to assist all levels of government to develop a coordinated response to the threat of invasive species and to provide scientific advice to improve all aspects of invasive species management. 4 Executive SummaryThe spread of nonindigenous (non-native) species introduced into the U.S. is a significant and growing national problem, costing taxpayers hundreds of billions of dollars in environmental degradation, lost agricultural productivity, increased health problems, and expensive prevention and eradication efforts. Some nonindigenous species are introduced intentionally and are highly valued by humans, e.g., agriculture, aquaculture, and ornamental species. Many other species are introduced as by-products of human activity, especially through the increasing global transportation of humans and commercial goods. A subset of introduced species spread widely, become abundant, and cause harm. The definition of "harm" is a function of human values, which often differ in different regions, and may change temporally. Nevertheless, harm is often unambiguous, and the species from elsewhere that causes harm are referred to as invasive nonindigenous species. They are the focus of policy and management concern because of their serious and complex contributions to diseases of plants, animals, and humans; reductions in native species; changes in ecosystem function; and financial losses.Well known examples of invasive nonindigenous species include the vine kudzu (Pueraria lobata) in the southeastern U.S., cheat grass (Bromus tectorum) in the western U.S., and zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) in the central U.S. More recent arrivals with large net negative impacts on the environment, agriculture, forestry, industry, and human health include West Nile virus, the seaweed Caulerpa (Caulerpa taxifolia), Asian longhorn beetle (Anoplophora glabrapennis), emerald ash b...

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