Leafhopper transmission of a virus causing maize wallaby ear disease

2005

Appl. Entomol. Zool.

Cicadulina bipunctata (Melichar) (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) is a pest of the second planting of forage maize in central Kyushu, Japan. The effect of temperature on the development and reproduction of C. bipunctata was examined in laboratory experiments. The survivorship of eggs and nymphs was the highest at 25.3°C. The developmental periods of eggs and nymphs were significantly shortened as the temperature was increased up to 34.0°C. The developmental zero (T 0 ) was estimated at 14.0°C for eggs and female nymphs, 14.2°C for male nymphs, and 15.9°C for preoviposition period. A thermal constant (K) of 118.1, 182.7, 176.9, and 39.5 degree-days was estimated as the effective temperature sums for the development of the eggs, female nymphs, male nymphs, and preoviposition period, respectively. Adult longevity and fecundity were higher than those of other rice-associated leafhoppers, while net reproductive rate (R 0 ) and intrinsic rate of natural increase (r m ) were lower than those of other rice-associated leafhoppers. An increase of 1.29 and 1.43 generations per year following global warming was estimated for C. bipunctata by 2100, relative to 1990, in Kumamoto and Miyazaki, Japan, respectively. Thus, C. bipunctata has the potential to become a serious pest of cereal crops other than the second planting of forage maize.

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of temperature on the development and reproduction of the maize orange leafhopper Cicadulina bipunctata (Melichar) (Homoptera: Cicadellidae)

Tokuda

2005

Appl. Entomol. Zool.

“…Among species belonging to this genus, C. bipunctata is the most widespread, inhabiting North and East Africa, Asia, and the Pacific (Webb, 1987). The occurrence of MWES on crops was first reported in Australia (Tryon, 1910;Grylls, 1975) and then in the Philippines (Agati and Calica, 1949;Maramorosch et al, 1961).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This species is a serious pest of maize, because it induces galls characterized by the stunted growth of leaves and severe swelling of leaf veins on maize, as well as on other poaceous plants. The gall symptom was previously suspected to be caused by a viral disease referred to as maize wallaby ear disease (Maramorosch et al, 1961;Grylls, 1975); however, the galls are now regarded as insect galls produced in response to the injection of chemicals by C. bipunctata during feeding (e.g. Ofori and Francki, 1983).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution, host plants, and seasonal occurrence of the maize orange leafhopper, Cicadulina bipunctata (Melichar) (Homoptera: Cicadellidae), in Japan

Matsukura

Takeuchi

et al. 2009

Appl. Entomol. Zool.

The maize orange leafhopper, Cicadulina bipunctata, is a serious pest of second crops of forage maize in Kyushu, Japan, because it induces maize wallaby ear symptom (MWES), characterized by stunted growth and severe swelling of leaves. We investigated the seasonal occurrence, host plants, and distribution of C. bipunctata in Kyushu from 2004 to 2007. Population densities of C. bipunctata rapidly increased from late July, and generally peaked between September and October. Cicadulina bipunctata fed mainly on Eleusine indica, Digitaria ciliaris, and Setaria viridis from summer to autumn, and overwintered as adults mostly on Sasa spp., followed by wheat and Italian ryegrass. In early spring, the first generation seemed to grow largely on wheat. These results suggest that earlier planting of the second crop of forage maize and management of Sasa spp. in early winter are likely to be effective strategies for reducing the infestation of forage maize by C. bipunctata. Field surveys in 2005 and 2007 revealed that C. bipunctata was distributed at 34 of 54 sites, including Fukuoka, Saga, Kumamoto, Miyazaki, and Kagoshima prefectures. Because such a wide distribution has not been reported in previous studies, C. bipunctata is considered to have expanded its range in recent years.

“…Since the 1980s, stunted growth associated with maize wallaby ear symptom (MWES) has been observed in maize, Zea mays (L.) in East Asian countries 1,7,10,20 . This symptom is characterized by stunted growth together with severe swelling of leaf veins 12,22 and has threatened maize production in these areas due to substantially reduced yields.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This symptom is characterized by stunted growth together with severe swelling of leaf veins 12,22 and has threatened maize production in these areas due to substantially reduced yields. Because MWES superficially resembles symptoms caused by viral pathogens, it was initially identified as a viral disease transmitted by the maize orange leafhopper, Cicadulina bipunctata (Melichar) 1 . More recent experiments indicated that MWES is caused not by a virus but by chemical(s) injected by C. bipunctata during feeding activity 12,22 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecology of the Maize Orange Leafhopper, Cicadulina bipunctata (Melichar) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)

Matsukura

2013

JARQ

Recent global warming has caused the maize orange leafhopper, Cicadulina bipunctata (Melichar), to proliferate in Kyushu, Japan. This leafhopper feeds on several species of poaceous plants. Some host plants such as maize, rice, wheat and oats show abnormal growth, characterized by stunted growth and swelling (upheaving) of leaf veins when attacked by C. bipunctata. This abnormal growth is not caused by a virus or phytoplasma, but by the injection of chemical(s) from the leaf hopper into the plants. In central and southern areas of Kyushu, serious damage arising from this abnormal growth is known as maize wallaby ear symptom (MWES) and occurs on forage maize during the second cropping season (from late June to November). The degree of MWES is highly dependent on the level of infestation (period and density) by C. bipunctata, and since C. bipunctata density is quite low until mid-July, the earlier seeding of the second crop and the use of MWES-resistant varieties is an effective way to avoid damage from MWES. This leafhopper shows a unique relationship between plant and herbivores because MWES induction by adult C. bipunctata helps improve the development of their offspring through the accumulation of amino acids on the host plant.