Leaf Sample Size for Pesticide Application Technology Trials in Coffee Crops

Abstract

Plot size, sample sufficiency, and number of repetitions are factors that affect the experimental errors or residuals and the expression of true differences among treatments. The objective of this study was to determine, using statistical models, the appropriate sample size for application technology experiments in coffee crops through the evaluation of foliar spray deposition and soil runoff in the ground-based application of pesticides. In the first stage, we determined the quantity of leaves per set and the volume of the solution for washing the leaves and extracting the tracer. We analyzed the variability between the coefficients of variation (CVs) of the amount of tracer extracted in two droplet classes (fine and coarse), for the different parts of the plants, and for the different quantities of leaves per set that were organized into intervals of five leaves (1–5, 6–10, 11–15, and 16–20). Less variability was found in the intervals with 10 leaves per set and using 100 mL of extraction solution. In the second stage, a field experiment was conducted using an entirely randomized design with 20 plots: 10 sprayed with fine droplets and 10 with coarse droplets. In each plot, 10 sets (samples) with 10 leaves each were collected from the upper and lower canopy of the coffee trees. Moreover, 10 Petri dishes were placed per plot and collected after application. Based on the results of the spray deposition (mass of tracer extracted per cm2 of leaf), we determined the optimal sample size using the maximum curvature and maximum curvature of the coefficient of variation methods. Higher variabilities were related to the targets that are more difficult to reach. Thus, this study determined an optimal sample size between five and eight sets of leaves for spray deposition, and four to five Petri dishes for soil runoff.

Glyphosate residues in coffee bean: Impact of application methods and compliance with MRLs

“…Regulatory authorities are deeply concerned about pesticide residue levels in food and soil (Winter, Jara, 2015). The quantity of pesticide residues in coffee beans is influenced by several factors, including application methods (e.g., spray equipment, protective devices, nozzles, pressure, and volume) and the timing concerning the crop phenological stage (Reis et al, 2015;Palma et al, 2023). For instance, when glyphosate is applied close to the harvest when fruits are ripe or dried, there is a high risk of residues increasing in coffee beans (Merhi et al, 2022) because fruits are no longer undergoing physiological maturation processes (Cassia et al, 2015).…”