“…In addition, it has the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen through symbiosis with rhizobia, which adds to its ecological value. Global alfalfa cultivation covers an area of approximately 32 million hectares [12][13][14][15]. In the regions where it is cultivated, problems are reported in many areas with regard to the growth and production of the Medicago species, largely in relation to global warming and long-term droughts occurring in many regions of the world [16].…”
The experimental material consisted of leaves obtained from 6-and 2-year-old alfalfa plants. Samples were obtained from a field experiment. One day prior to sowing, seeds were stimulated using He-Ne laser light with a surface power density of 6 mW•cm-2-free-fall exposure (L) repeated three times; alternating magnetic field with 30 mT induction and 30 s (P) exposure time; and a combination of laser light and magnetic field (L+P). The results of the stimulation treatments were referenced to non-stimulated samples (control-K). The obtained values of fluorescence lifetime varied from 8.98 to 12.90 ns (t1) and from 3.84 to 5.14 ns (t2). The physical factors applied caused an extension of the lifetimes (t1 and t2), as well as an increase in the chlorophyll a and carotenoid content in 6-year-old cv. Radius leaves, as compared to the control. Contrary observations (i.e., a decrease in the aforementioned indicators) were made for cv. Ulstar (old). In the case of magnetic field stimulation, the longest fluorescence lifetimes, the highest concentrations of chlorophyll a and carotenoids were noted for cv. Radius (old). The content of chlorophyll a was significantly higher in young Lucerne than in older plants.
“…In addition, it has the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen through symbiosis with rhizobia, which adds to its ecological value. Global alfalfa cultivation covers an area of approximately 32 million hectares [12][13][14][15]. In the regions where it is cultivated, problems are reported in many areas with regard to the growth and production of the Medicago species, largely in relation to global warming and long-term droughts occurring in many regions of the world [16].…”
The experimental material consisted of leaves obtained from 6-and 2-year-old alfalfa plants. Samples were obtained from a field experiment. One day prior to sowing, seeds were stimulated using He-Ne laser light with a surface power density of 6 mW•cm-2-free-fall exposure (L) repeated three times; alternating magnetic field with 30 mT induction and 30 s (P) exposure time; and a combination of laser light and magnetic field (L+P). The results of the stimulation treatments were referenced to non-stimulated samples (control-K). The obtained values of fluorescence lifetime varied from 8.98 to 12.90 ns (t1) and from 3.84 to 5.14 ns (t2). The physical factors applied caused an extension of the lifetimes (t1 and t2), as well as an increase in the chlorophyll a and carotenoid content in 6-year-old cv. Radius leaves, as compared to the control. Contrary observations (i.e., a decrease in the aforementioned indicators) were made for cv. Ulstar (old). In the case of magnetic field stimulation, the longest fluorescence lifetimes, the highest concentrations of chlorophyll a and carotenoids were noted for cv. Radius (old). The content of chlorophyll a was significantly higher in young Lucerne than in older plants.
“…This wastewater is rich in protein, containing up to 50% of hydrophobic proteins. The wastewater contains diluted alfalfa juice along with cleaning detergents (Zhang et al 2015b ). Another researcher also recognized the wastewater of alfalfa as a source for nutrient renewal applicable to irrigation and restoring biomolecules (Lamsal et al 2007 ; Xie et al 2008 ).…”
Section: Protein Recovery By Membrane Technologymentioning
confidence: 99%
“… Fig. 5 Schematic representation of membrane process on the alfalfa waste stream and its applications (Zhang et al 2015b ; Gao et al 2018 ) …”
Section: Protein Recovery By Membrane Technologymentioning
Economic growth and the rapid increase in the world population has led to a greater need for natural resources, which in turn, has put pressure on said resources along with the environment. Water, food, and energy, among other resources, pose a huge challenge. Numerous essential resources, including organic substances and valuable nutrients, can be found in wastewater, and these could be recovered with efficient technologies. Protein recovery from waste streams can provide an alternative resource that could be utilized as animal feed. Membrane separation, adsorption, and microbe-assisted protein recovery have been proposed as technologies that could be used for the aforementioned protein recovery. This present study focuses on the applicability of different technologies for protein recovery from different wastewaters. Membrane technology has been proven to be efficient for the effective concentration of proteins from waste sources. The main emphasis of the present short communication is to explore the possible strategies that could be utilized to recover or restore proteins from different wastewater sources. The presented study emphasizes the applicability of the recovery of proteins from various waste sources using membranes and the combination of the membrane process. Future research should focus on novel technologies that can help in the efficient extraction of these high-value compounds from wastes. Lastly, this short communication will evaluate the possibility of integrating membrane technology. This study will discuss the important proteins present in different industrial waste streams, such as those of potatoes, poultry, dairy, seafood and alfalfa, and the possible state of the art technologies for the recovery of these valuable proteins from the wastewater.
Graphical abstract
“…In the study of Werner Koschuh et al ., a UF membrane (PES, 15 kDa) at 30 °C was employed to concentrate leaf proteins (0.06–0.09 µm) from alfalfa juice. The concentration factor was 6.4 and the entire concentration time was 180 min.…”
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