Leaf Morphogenesis: Insights From the Moss Physcomitrium patens

Lin, Wenye; Wang, Ying; Coudert, Yoan; Kierzkowski, Daniel

doi:10.3389/fpls.2021.736212

Cited by 14 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…There are no non-conventional types of monolignol structure detected in PpCAD1 _OE gametophores. Despite lignin-like polymers considered B-ring flavonoids similar to H-, G-, and S- lignin units in moss as UV screens, it is believed that the enhanced lignin-like polymers might be intermediate in the lignin biosynthetic pathway [ 25 ]. Furthermore, three pieces of evidence support that lignin-like molecules are enhanced in P. patens .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, P. patens has a simple developmental life cycle with a predominant haploid phase, which dramatically facilitates genetic analysis [24]. In addition, phyllids, rhizoids, and protonemal filaments of P. patens consist of only one cell layer, making easy observation using microscopic analysis [25]. Even though the existence of lignin in moss is still controversial, P. patens has all the core lignin biosynthetic genes without ferulate 5-hydroxylase (F5H) [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Physcomitrium patens CAD1 has distinct roles in growth and resistance to biotic stress

Jiang

Huang

et al. 2022

BMC Plant Biol

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Background Physcomitrium patens provides an evolutionary link between green algae and vascular plants. Although the genome of P. patens includes orthologs of all the core lignin biosynthetic enzymes, the occurrence of lignin in moss is very controversial. Besides, little information is available about the lignin enzymes in moss to date. For example, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) is a crucial enzyme that catalyzes the last step of the lignin biosynthetic pathway, suggesting an ideal way to study the evolutionary process. By investigating the functions of CAD in evolution, this study will elucidate the evolutionary roles of lignin-like in the early stage of land colonization. Results CAD multigene family in P. patens is composed of four genes. The PpCADs contain a conserved glycine-rich domain to catalyze NADPH-dependent reduction to their corresponding alcohols, indicating that PpCADs have the potential to synthesize monolignols by bioinformatics analysis. Even though PpCAD1 could produce lignin in theory, no conventional monomer was detected in the cell wall or cytoplasm of PpCAD1_OE plants. However, the phenylpropanoids were promoted in PpCAD1_OE transformants to modify gametophore architecture and development, making the distribution of phyllids more scarcity and the moss colony more giant, possibly due to the enhanced expression of the AUX-IAA family. The transcripts of at least one gene encoding the enzyme in the lignin biosynthetic pathway were increased in PpCAD1_OE plants. In addition, the PpCAD1_OE gametophore inhibited the Botrytis cinerea assault mainly by enhanced phenylpropanoids in the cell wall instead of influencing transcripts of defense genes pathogenesis-related 10 (PR10) and nonexpresser of PR genes 1 (NPR1). Likewise, ectopic expression of PpCAD1 in Arabidopsis led to a significant increase in lignin content, exhibiting chunky roots, robust seedlings, advanced flowering, and efficient resistance against pathogens. Conclusion PpCAD occurs in more than one copy, suggesting functional divergence in the ancestral plant. PpCAD1 catalyzes monolignol biosynthesis and has homologous functions with vascular plants. Despite no detected conventional monolignol, the increased phenylpropanoids in the PpCAD1_OE gametophore, possibly intermediate metabolites in the lignin pathway, had conserved functions during the evolution of terrestrial plants. The results inferred that the lignin enzyme of the early non-vascular plant played roles in stem elongation and resistance against pathogens of P. patens during the conquest of land.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physcomitrium patens CAD1 has distinct roles in growth and resistance to biotic stress

Jiang

Huang

et al. 2022

BMC Plant Biol

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“…The moss Physcomitrium patens ( P. patens ) is a useful material for observing cellular growth due to its simple organ structures, such as phyllids (hereafter, leaves) with a single cell layer (Kofuji & Hasebe, 2014; Medina et al ., 2019; Lin et al ., 2021). Our analysis of the deletion mutant of the ABCB14 ortholog in P. patens revealed that mutant leaf cells lost regular anisotropic expansion, resulting in shrunken leaves.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An ABCB transporter regulates anisotropic cell expansion via cuticle deposition in the moss Physcomitrium patens

Zhang,

Sasaki‐Sekimoto,

Kosetsu

et al. 2023

New Phytologist

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Summary Anisotropic cell expansion is crucial for the morphogenesis of land plants, as cell migration is restricted by the rigid cell wall. The anisotropy of cell expansion is regulated by mechanisms acting on the deposition or modification of cell wall polysaccharides. Besides the polysaccharide components in the cell wall, a layer of hydrophobic cuticle covers the outer cell wall and is subjected to tensile stress that mechanically restricts cell expansion. However, the molecular machinery that deposits cuticle materials in the appropriate spatiotemporal manner to accommodate cell and tissue expansion remains elusive. Here, we report that PpABCB14, an ATP‐binding cassette transporter in the moss Physcomitrium patens, regulates the anisotropy of cell expansion. PpABCB14 localized to expanding regions of leaf cells. Deletion of PpABCB14 resulted in impaired anisotropic cell expansion. Unexpectedly, the cuticle proper was reduced in the mutants, and the cuticular lipid components decreased. Moreover, induced PpABCB14 expression resulted in deformed leaf cells with increased cuticle lipid accumulation on the cell surface. Taken together, PpABCB14 regulates the anisotropy of cell expansion via cuticle deposition, revealing a regulatory mechanism for cell expansion in addition to the mechanisms acting on cell wall polysaccharides.

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“…In Physcomitrium patens (formerly known as Physcomitrella patens), midribs contain hydroid and stereid cells. Hydroids are thin-walled cells that are initially live, then undergo programmed cell death, and have a totally degenerated protoplasm upon maturation (5)(6)(7)(8). By contrast, stereids have thickened cell walls and mainly serve the purpose of support (8).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By contrast, some species of nonvascular mosses, as one of the earliest land plants, have evolved midribs in phyllids (hereafter called leaves) for water conduction and support ( 5 , 6 ). Despite the similarity in function, midribs are drastically different from, and much less branched than, the vasculature ( 5 , 7 , 8 ); therefore, the water transport efficiency of midribs is low and moss mainly relies on capillarity to externally transport water ( 6 , 8 ). In Physcomitrium patens (formerly known as Physcomitrella patens ), midribs contain hydroid and stereid cells.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A conserved module in the formation of moss midribs and seed plant axillary meristems

Gao

Jiao

et al. 2022

Sci. Adv.

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Different evolutionary lineages have evolved distinct characteristic body plans and anatomical structures, but their origins are largely elusive. For example, seed plants evolve axillary meristems to enable lateral branching. In moss, the phyllid (leaf) midrib containing specialized cells is responsible for water conduction and support. Midribs function like vascular tissues in flowering plants but may have risen from a different evolutionary path. Here, we demonstrate that midrib formation in the model moss Physcomitrium patens is regulated by orthologs of Arabidopsis LATERAL SUPPRESSOR ( LAS ), a key regulator of axillary meristem initiation. Midribs are missing in loss-of-function mutants, and ectopic formation of midrib-like structures is induced in overexpression lines. Furthermore, the PpLAS / AtLAS genes have conserved functions in the promotion of cell division in both lineages, which alleviates phenotypes in both Physcomitrium and Arabidopsis las mutants. Our results show that a conserved regulatory module is reused in divergent developmental programs, water-conducting and supporting tissues in moss, and axillary meristem initiation in seed plants.

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Leaf Morphogenesis: Insights From the Moss Physcomitrium patens

Cited by 14 publications

References 80 publications

Physcomitrium patens CAD1 has distinct roles in growth and resistance to biotic stress

Physcomitrium patens CAD1 has distinct roles in growth and resistance to biotic stress

An ABCB transporter regulates anisotropic cell expansion via cuticle deposition in the moss Physcomitrium patens

A conserved module in the formation of moss midribs and seed plant axillary meristems

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