Leaf Extract of Dillenia indica as a Source of Selenium Nanoparticles with Larvicidal and Antimicrobial Potential toward Vector Mosquitoes and Pathogenic Microbes

Abstract

<jats:p>Chikungunya, dengue, Zika, malaria, Japanese encephalitis, filariasis, West Nile, etc. are mosquito transmitted diseases that have killed millions of people worldwide, and millions of people are at risk of these diseases. Control of the mosquitoes, such as Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus, is challenging due to their development of resistance to synthetic insecticides. The habitats of the young mosquitoes are also the habitats for foodborne pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC96) and Serratia marcescens (MTCC4822). The present study was aimed at synthesizing eco-friendly green nanoparticles using Dillenia indica leaf broth and analyzing its efficacy in controlling the vector mosquitoes A. aegypti and C. quinquefasciatus, as well as the microbial pathogens St. aureus and Se. marcescens. The formation of selenium nanoparticles (SeNps) was confirmed using UV-Vis spectroscopy (absorption peak at 383.00 nm), Fourier transform infrared radiation (FTIR spectrum peaks at 3177, 2114, 1614, 1502, 1340, 1097, 901, 705, and 508 cm−1), X-ray diffraction (diffraction peaks at 23.3 (100), 29.6 (101), 43.5 (012), and 50.05 (201)), and scanning electron microscopy (oval shaped). The size of the nanoparticles and their stability were analyzed using dynamic light scattering (Z-Average value of 248.0 nm) and zeta potential (−13.2 mV). The SeNps disorganized the epithelial layers and have broken the peritrophic membrane. Histopathological changes were also observed in the midgut and caeca regions of the SeNPs treated A. aegypti and C. quinquefasciatus larvae. The SeNps were also active on both the bacterial species showing strong inhibitory zones. The present results will explain the ability of SeNps in controlling the mosquitoes as well as the bacteria and will contribute to the development of multi potent eco-friendly compounds.</jats:p>

Biomedical Potential of Plant-Based Selenium Nanoparticles: A Comprehensive Review on Therapeutic and Mechanistic Aspects

“…For instance, the reference 17 reported the green synthesis of SeNPs of various sizes and shapes in the presence of garlic cloves extract (Allium sativum). Similarly, many other studies have been described to explore the biosynthesis of SeNPs by using the leaf extracts of Dillenia indica, 42 Spermacoce hispida aqueous leaf extract, 19 Zingiber officinale fruit extract, 43 Carica papaya latex, 44 Citrus lemon fresh fruit extract, 45 Roselle plant extract, 46 Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark extract and Prunus amygdalus leaves extract. 47 Furthermore, the reference 48 reported spherical shaped SeNPs with a 15-20 nm size range by using Ocimum tenuiflorum leaf extract…”

“…By keeping in view the excellent antidiabetic potential of the plant-mediated SeNPs in rats and mice, it is not very hard to believe that the plant-based SeNPs may be a useful and efficient tool to develop nanomedicines for the treatment of human diabetes in the future. 1,42…”

“…In another study, it was revealed that Dillenia indica leaf extract mediated SeNPs are effective against mosquito vectors such as Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. 31,42,96 The toxicity of the plant-based SeNPs on larva and pupa of mosquito species are may be due to their toxic effects on cellular pathways and on other peripheral or neighboring cells. 42 It was also revealed that the toxicity of the plantbased SeNPs is may be due to the denaturation of vital components and essential enzymes which ultimately reduces the membrane permeability and block the ATP synthesis and eventually leads to cell death.…”

“…31,42,96 The toxicity of the plant-based SeNPs on larva and pupa of mosquito species are may be due to their toxic effects on cellular pathways and on other peripheral or neighboring cells. 42 It was also revealed that the toxicity of the plantbased SeNPs is may be due to the denaturation of vital components and essential enzymes which ultimately reduces the membrane permeability and block the ATP synthesis and eventually leads to cell death. 97 In another study, it was manifested that the SeNPs were prepared by using Clausena dentata plant extract and their different concentrations were applied to check their efficacy against different larvae like Culex quinquefasciatus, Aedes Aegypti and Anopheles stephensi.…”

“…96 Another mechanism for which the plant-based SeNPs are known for the larvicidal potential is that the SeNPs causes denaturation of special sulfur-containing proteins and phosphorus-containing compounds like DNA and causes denaturation of organelles ultimately reduces membrane permeability, reduces or disrupt ATP synthesis which eventually leads to cell death. 31,42 Unfortunately, the plant-based SeNPs are not much explored for their commercialization purposes. In some studies, it was reported that the several phytochemical groups like, steroids, terpenoids, essential oils, phenolics and alkaloids from different plant extracts have been explored for their insecticidal activities.…”