“…The validity of the CPE leadership model has been demonstrated in a number of studies in both American and Scandinavian samples (Arvonen & Pettersson, 2002;Ekvall & Arvonen, 1991, 1994Michel, 2011;Yukl, 1999;Yukl, Gordon & Taber, 2002). There are studies suggesting that leadership models containing the three dimensions task-, relations-, and change-oriented behaviors, such as the flexible leadership taxonomy (Yukl, 1999) and the CPE leadership model (Arvonen, 2002), predict various subordinate-and manager-rated effectiveness outcomes well in line with other leadership models, such as transformational and transactional leadership (Michel, 2011).…”